1 UNIT 3: 1450 – 1750 THE MARITIME REVOLUTION & THE ATLANTIC WORLDTRANSFORMATION IN EUROPE SOUTHWEST ASIA & THE INDIAN OCEAN NORTHERN EURASIA

2 REVOLUTION & THE ATLANTIC WORLD CAPITALISM AND MERCANTILISMTHE MARITIME REVOLUTION & THE ATLANTIC WORLD EUROPEAN EXPANSION EUROPEAN ENCOUNTERS SPANISH AMERICA THE SLAVE TRADE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE CAPITALISM AND MERCANTILISM

3 MOTIVES FOR EXPANSION Portugal and Spain were the first countries to sponsor voyages of exploration in the fifteenth century Four motivations for European expansion: The revival of urban life and trade The unique alliance between merchants and rulers in Europe A struggle with Islamic powers for dominance of the Mediterranean that mixed religious motives with the desire for trade Growing intellectual curiosity about the outside world

4 WHY PORTUGAL & SPAIN? The Iberian Peninsula was strategically located near the coast of Africa Portugal had long-standing trade relations with Muslims Portugal was led by a royal family who supported exploration – Prince Henry the Navigator Spain had been recently unified by Isabella and Ferdinand and wanted in on the action

5 MAJOR DISCOVERIES Bartholomew Dias – sailed for Portugal and in 1488 rounded the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama – sailed for Portugal and in 1497 rounded the tip of Africa and explored East African kingdoms, and then went all the way to India Christopher Columbus – sailed for Spain and in 1492 convinced Spain to finance a voyage to reach the east by going west; he thought India and China were where the American continents are; he found Cuba and the islands the came to be known as the West Indies

6 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS By 1494, Spain and Portugal were already fighting over land in the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas – line of demarcation – everything west belonged to Spain and everything east belonged to Portugal

7 MORE EXPANSIONISM Soon, England, the Netherlands, and France launched expeditions – acquiring colonies and conquered new lands Colonialism and the expansion of trade contributed to the rise of nationalism and the development of strong monarchies

8 OTHER EXPLORERS European Exploration in the Sixteenth Century:Amerigo Vespucci – He explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the continent was huge and not part of Asia; America was named for him Ponce de Leon – In 1513, he explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth Vasco de Balboa – In 1513, he explored much of Central America for Spain; laid sight on the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan – In 1519, he sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died. His crew continued and became the first to circumnavigate the globe Giovanna da Verrazano – In 1524, he explored the North American coast for France Sir Francis Drake – In 1578, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe John Cabot – In 1597, he explored the coast of North America for England Henry Hudson – In he sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia. He explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch.

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10 WHAT MADE IT POSSIBLE? In the late 15th century, innovation was combined with determination to apply new technologies to political and economic goals In addition to advanced mapmaking techniques, the Age of Exploration took place due to the following products: The Sternpost Rudder – Invented in China during the Han Dynasty, the sternpost rudder allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size.

11 MORE INNOVATIONS Lateen Sails – These sails allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of the wind. This was a huge improvement to ships that were dependent on the wind, especially in the Indian Ocean waters, where monsoons kept ships docked for long periods of time. Once these sails were used regularly on the Indian Ocean routes, they quickly became standard on transatlantic voyages

12 MORE INNOVATIONS The Astrolabe – Sailors used this portable navigation device to help them find their way. By measuring distance of the sun and the stars above the horizon, the astrolabe helped determine latitude. The Magnetic Compass – Borrowed from the Chinese, through trade with the Arabs, the magnetic compass allowed sailors to determine direction without staying in sight of land Caravels – These large ships employed significantly larger sails and could hold supplies for longer journeys in their large cargo rooms

13 THE CARAVEL SHIP

14 ENCOUNTERS WITH EUROPE: The AztecsIn 1519, Hernando Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico – the heart of the Aztec Empire Neighboring states loathed the Aztecs and were more than willing to cooperate with the Spaniards Cortes approached the capital of Tenochtitlan on horseback (unknown in America) Montezuma, Aztec ruler, mistook Cortes for a god and sent him a gift of gold The Spanish didn’t hesitate to seize Montezuma and begin a siege of Tenochtitlan

15 ENCOUNTERS WITH EUROPE: DiseaseDisease was brought over from Europe to the Americas The Aztecs were not able to resist these diseases, which led to a major decrease in the Native American population The Native American population went from 20 million in 1520 to fewer than 2 million in 1580 The deaths of so many Native Americans led to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1525 Disease and superior weapons also helped Francisco Pizarro defeat the Incas between 1531 and 1535

16 PENINSULARES: People who were born in SpainPENINSULARES: People who were born in Spain. Held the most wealth and almost all the power. They were the dominant class! CREOLES: People of pure Spanish descent (Both parents were born in Spain). Held major wealth but little power in the government MESTIZOS: mostly peasants farmers of mixed Native American & Spanish descent who held few rights. They were the bulk of the population MULATTOES: lower class people of mixed African & Spanish descent who held few rights SLAVES: mostly people of Native American or African descent who were forced to work and who had basically no rights

17 THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM Viceroys were appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain, who established the Encomienda System (similar to a feudal system) This system provided the peninsulares with land and a specified number of native laborers In return, the peninsulares were expected to protect the natives and convert them to Christianity Some Christian missionaries were shocked at the treatment of some of the natives and appealed to the viceroys, emperor, and the Catholic Church Solution – bring in new workers for the hardest jobs (Africans) Both the natives and Africans were at the bottom of the social structure and received no rights

18 THE SLAVE TRADE In the mid-fifteenth century, the Portuguese captured slaves while exploring the coasts of Africa When the plantations of the New World demanded more labor, empire-builders (European nations) knew where to get it – AFRICA! The slave trade began – forced migration of people to the New World Some African rulers cooperated with the slave trade, while many protested Africans were rounded up, forced onto ships, chained together, taken below deck, and forced to endure the passage to the Americas Harsh conditions – hot, crowded, disease, starved – many died on the journey to the Americas Those who survived were auctioned into slavery and forced to work on sugar or coffee plantations

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21 COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE New foods, animals and resources were transferred between Europe and the Americas, resulting in massive changes for both regions From the European and African side of the Atlantic: Horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugar cane From the American side: Squash, beans, corn, potatoes, peanuts Led to an increase in Europe’s population, cultivation, and use of rural land Diseases, weapons, ideas, and people were also exchanged SUGAR AND SILVER DOMINATED THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA!

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23 THE FLOW OF SILVER Silver generated the most wealthSilver mines were located in Peru and Mexico Potosi - the single richest silver deposit in the Americas, discovered in 1545, located in Alto Peru (present day Bolivia) Resulted in a harsh system of forced labor – Natives and Africans were forced to work in silver mines extracting silver American silver increased the European money supply promoting commercial expansion and later industrialization Large amounts of silver flowed across the Pacific to the Philippines and China (Ming Dynasty) Stimulated urban population growth

24 CAPITALISM An economic system in which individuals seek individual gain through seeking their own economic self-interest Expansion of credit Development of large financial institutions – banks, stock exchanges, charted trading companies Merchants and investors conducted business at great distances Many investors sought profit in the production and export of colonial products like sugar and tobacco Private ownership

25 MERCANTILISM An economic system in which a country exports more than it imports The mother country would acquire raw materials from the colony The colony was forced to pay high prices for the finished products The mother country acquired colonies for raw materials and new markets Fostered resentment in the colonies

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27 REMEMBER ASIA? Asian colonization didn’t get on the way until the 19th century, but Europeans did manage to establish trading relations with Asian Empires The Portuguese established a trading post at Goa, on the west coast of India The Portuguese also gained control over the Spice Islands by establishing naval superiority in the Straits of Malacca In less than a century, the Dutch East India Company began conducting deliberate raids on Portuguese trading posts and ships Meanwhile, the British and the French began setting up trading posts in India

28 TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPEPROTESTANT REFORMATION CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ENLIGHTENMENT EUROPEAN SOCIAL CLASSES THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

29 THE POWER OF THE CHURCH During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the most powerful force in Europe – unifying force too! The pope often clashed with political leaders The Church considered itself to have undisputable authority – one foot on earth and one in heaven To get to heaven, you had to proceed by way of the Catholic Church

30 PROTESTANT REFORMATIONCAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION To finance its immense building projects and pay for the huge number of Renaissance artists it employed, the Church began selling indulgences Indulgence: a piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory; the forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins Selling indulgences generated income and allowed the Church to maintain power over the people Landowning nobles began to resent the Church which fueled anti-Church sentiments The selling of indulgences confirmed the corrupt nature of the Church

31 MARTIN LUTHER A German monk who in 1517 nailed a list of 95 theses on a Church door This list was quickly distributed by means of the printing press This list expressed his frustrations with current Church practices (the sale of indulgences) Luther’s arguments: the Church was selling salvation for profit Church services should be conducted in local languages, not just Latin (people couldn’t understand) People should appeal directly to God for forgiveness of sins and salvation, reducing the role of the Church as the exclusive middleman between God and man

32 THE SPLIT Pope Leo X was outraged and excommunicated LutherThis led to another split in Christianity Luther’s followers became known as Lutherans and began to separate themselves from the Church John Calvin from France led a powerful Protestant group by preaching predestination (the idea the God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people) Calvin also created a Protestant theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

33 THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND At the same time…King Henry VIII did not have an heir to his throne and sought to abandon his wife When the Church denied an annulment of the marriage, Henry VIII renounced Rome and declared himself the head of religious affairs in England He created the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church Henry VIII went on to marry five more wives His daughter Elizabeth, also a Protestant, rose to the throne

34 THE COUNTER REFORMATIONReforms were led by Spain, a dedicated Catholic country Reforms of the Catholic Church: Banned the sale of indulgences Reaffirmed the power of the pope and the obligation to attend mass weekly Ignatius Loyola founded the society of Jesuits which was influential in restoring faith in the teachings of Jesus by preaching that prayer and good works led to salvation Council of Trent: clarified the Church’s position on important religious questions and tried and punished heretics Re-established Latin as the language to be used in worship

35 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONDuring the Middle Ages, there was a lack of scientific investigation – the Church focused everyone’s attention on salvation As Europe began to change, the growth of universities allowed educated Europeans to examine the world around them from a different perspective New theories challenged the teachings of the Church Scientists: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo, Francis Bacon, Sir Isaac Newton New Theories: the heliocentric model, the scientific method, the law of gravity

36 A NEW THEORY Geocentric Heliocentric

37 THE ENLIGHTENMENT Also known as the Age of ReasonA historic period from about 1650 – 1800 A movement where many European thinkers and scholars thought reason could solve all humanity’s problems Many thinkers also supported new ideas of equality, natural rights, limited government, and democracy Most Enlightenment thinkers opposed absolute monarchy & organized religion

38 THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Governments were not formed by divine decree, but to meet the social and economic needs of the people being governed Individuals existed before governments did so therefore governments arose to meet the needs of the people, not the other way around Philosophers looked at human nature differently, so they disagreed about the role of government in the social contract

39 THOMAS HOBBES Thought that people by nature were greedy and prone to violent warfare He believed the role of the government under the social contract should be to preserve peace and stability at all costs Advocated an all-power ruler or an absolute monarch Expressed his beliefs in The Leviathan

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41 JOHN LOCKE Believed that humans, for the most part, were goodBelieved that all men were born equal and had natural rights to life, liberty, and property Believed that humans were capable of self-rule Believed that the primary responsibility of the government was to secure and guarantee natural rights Believed that if the government violated these rights, the people had the right to overthrow and replace the government Expressed his ideas in The Two Treatises of Government

42 ROUSSEAU Took the social contract to the furthest extremeArgued that all men were equal and that society should be organized according to the general will, or majority rule, of the people Expressed his ideas in The Social Contract

43 VOLTAIRE Firm believer in religious tolerationWHAT IS RELGIOUS TOLERATION? Allowing the practice of religions, without any interference, that are different from the religion of the majority of people in a country It was developed in France & England Believed in freedom of speech Fought against slavery

44 MONTESQUIEU Argued for separation of powers among branches of government Executive Legislative Judicial Expressed his ideas in The Spirit of the Laws

45 MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT A woman’s first duty was to be a motherA woman had the right to decide what was in her own interest Should not be completely dependent on her husband Equal educations for boys and girls The Vindication of the Rights of Women

46 MAJOR IMPACTS Natural rights, separation of powers, and social contract inspired political revolutions against monarchies in: France United States of America Latin America Women started to push for equal rights (Mary Wollstonecraft – The Vindication of the Rights of Women) Limited government & limited monarchy started to replace absolute monarchy in Europe

47 THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM SPAIN FRANCE ENGLAND RUSSIA

48 WHAT IS AN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY?a system of government in which a ruler has complete authority over the government and the lives of the people he or she governs

49 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICSCentralized Government Absolute monarchies put all the power of government in the hands of one person: the king. Everyone in the government answered directly to the king Hereditary Monarchy Absolute monarchies were mostly hereditary. When the king died he passed his power to his nearest male relative; sometimes the nearest female relative became the absolute monarch Divine Right of Kings Absolute monarchies justified their power by claiming the king received the right to have power from God. Divine right also claimed that nobody could question the king because God chose him Military Absolute monarchies built large militaries and used them for conquest. Louis XIV, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great were all conquering monarchs

50 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE A loose federation of mostly German states, headed by an emperor elected by the princes 1519 – German princes elected Charles V from the Hapsburg family Hapsburgs – a powerful family of Austria that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian Empire, and ruled 16th and 17th century Spain

51 WHO WAS CHARLES V? Had control of a huge empire stretching from Austria and Germany to Spain and parts of France and the Netherlands One set of grandparents were Hapsburgs and his other grandparents were Ferdinand and Isabella Defended Catholicism Frustrated over ruling such an enormous empire during a time of expansion in the Americas and Revolution in Europe (Protestant Reformation & Scientific Revolution) Abdicated the throne giving his possessions too multiple heirs

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53 FRANCE: LOUIS XIV After the Hundred Years War, France began to unify and centralize authority in a strong monarchy King Louis XIV reigned over France for 72 years He is the most famous absolute monarch in history He firmly believed in divine right He set an example for all other absolute monarchs His symbol was the sun because it is necessary for our survival and the center of everything He was a conqueror who increased the size of France His absolute monarchy has several key attributes

54 ATTRIBUTES OF LOUIS XIVRELIGIOUS UNIFORMITY Louis was a Catholic king who wanted everyone in France to be Catholic. As a result he severely restricted the rights of French protestants (called Huguenots)

55 ATTRIBUTES OF LOUIS XIVMERCANTILISM He used mercantilism to improve the French economy. He limited imports, maximized exports, created colonies, and acquired gold and silver to make France rich, wealthy, and powerful

56 ATTRIBUTES OF LOUIS XIVINTENDENTS Louis wanted more control over France. He appointed royal officials called intendents to supervise the French provinces (all of the areas outside of Paris)

57 ATTRIBUTES OF LOUIS XIVPALACE OF VERSAILLES Huge royal palace outside of Paris that showed off the power and glory of Louis. It also kept his nobility entertained so they wouldn’t challenge his power

58 THE PALACE…

59 SUCCESSES & FAILURES Successes FailuresGreatly strengthened royal power The French army became the strongest in Europe France became the wealthiest state in Europe French culture, manners, and customs became the European standard The arts flourished in Europe Failures Engaged in costly wars that had disastrous results Rival rulers joined forces to check French ambitions Persecuted the Huguenots, causing many to flee France. Their departure hurt the French economy tremendously

60 ENGLAND’S DEVELOPMENT What is the Petition of Right?OF A LIMITED MONARCHY What is a Constitution? a document explaining the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, corporation, or the like, is governed What is Parliament? the legislative body of Great Britain What is the Magna Carta? limited the power of the king by granting nobles with certain rights, making it clear that the king must obey the law, and having the king agree not to raise taxes without consulting with his council of lords and clergy What is the Petition of Right? prohibits the king from raising taxes without the consent of Parliament

61 ENGLAND: 2 DYNASTIES THE TUDORSBelieved in divine right, but also recognized the value of good relations with Parliament When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church and created the Church of England (Act of Supremacy) he asked Parliament for support Elizabeth both consulted and controlled Parliament; popular and powerful for 45 years; established the New World colonies making England rich and powerful

62 ENGLAND: 2 DYNASTIES THE STUARTSBelieved in divine right and repeatedly clashed with Parliament When James I needed funds, he dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his own; promoted the RCC Charles I ignored the Petition of Right, dissolved Parliament, and ruled the nation for 11 years without it; civil war broke out and Charles was executed

63 CAVALIERS vs. ROUNDHEADSENGLISH CIVIL WAR Causes Parliament tried and executed chief ministers & said that it cannot be dissolved without its own permission Charles I led the military into the House of Commons and arrested radical leaders CAVALIERS vs. ROUNDHEADS Supporters Forces of of Parliament Charles I under Oliver Cromwell

64 EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WARCharles I was put on trial and executed Led to a government ran by the Commonwealth ran by Oliver Cromwell When Cromwell died, Parliament asked Charles II to take the throne Charles II accepted the Petition of Right and tried to avoid his father’s mistakes when dealing parliament James II took the throne next and threatened to bring back the RCC as well as Absolutism

65 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Because protestants feared James II would restore the RCC, Parliament invited James’ Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch Protestant husband William to become rulers of England James II fled to France, and this bloodless overthrow became known as the Glorious Revolution Signed the English Bill of Rights giving superiority of Parliament over the monarchy

66 What is a Limited Monarchy?SO WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? The power of the monarchy declined! England had now developed a LIMITED MONARCHY! What is a Limited Monarchy? a government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s power England was developing a limited monarchy since the Magna Carta was created in Monarchs by law would have to consult with Parliament. More events in the 1600’s led England down on path towards democracy

67 THE BALANCE OF POWER The prevention of any one European state from becoming too powerful – international relations France was the most powerful state but other European nations worked together to stop Louis XIV expansionism War of the Spanish Succession ( ) – blocked French expansionist efforts and prevented the Bourbons from uniting the thrones of France and Spain England had naval superiority (seen in the Spanish Armada in 1588) while Austria and Prussia had strong armies

68 ABSOLUTISM IN RUSSIA The princes of Muscovy fought against the Golden Horde and freed Russia of Mongol control After the Mongol rule of Russia, many peasants who were in debt were forced to become serfs (could be bought, sold, and gambled away) – provided extensive labor service to landlords Ural Mountains – separates Siberia from the rest of Russia as well as Europe from Asia Tsar (Czar) – Russian monarch Romanov Family – ruling Russian family starting in 1613 with Mikhail Romanov The greatest Romanov was Peter the Great (1689 – 1725)

69 WHO WAS PETER THE GREAT? Peter the Great was Tsar of RussiaHe was Russia’s absolute monarch from 1682 – 1725 He had total power over the Russian people He was very interested in Western Europe, European society, culture, ideas, and technology Russia is huge and transportation & communication is difficult Russia was also cut off from Europe Preventing cultural diffusion When Peter took the throne Russia was a very backward country, but Peter wanted to change that

70 PETER’S REFORMS WESTERNIZATIONPeter wanted to use modern ideas and technology from Western Europe to modernize Russian society by creating a new economy, building a modern army and navy, and changing Russian customs and culture. WARM-WATER PORTS Russia was isolated from the rest of Europe because of its climate. Russia had no port that was ice free all year. Peter wanted to build a strong navy. He fought several years to gain a warm-water port. He never got it. MODERNIZING RUSSIA Peter’s westernization changed Russian society. He made nobility dress and act like Western Europeans. He introduced new ideas, new technology, built schools, and changed the military to use new weapons and ideas. ST. PETERSBURG Peter felt Russia needed a new capital and port city to connect Russia with Western Europe. He built a new city to be a “window on the west” in It used modern architecture and building styles, but it wasn’t a warm water port.

71 St. Petersburg – Peter the Great’s new capital city!“window on the west” St. Petersburg – Peter the Great’s new capital city!

72 THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES MUGHAL EMPIRE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SAFAVID EMPIRE

73 MUGHAL INDIA Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in 1526Chief builder of the Mughal Empire was Babur’s grandson, Akbar the Great Akbar the Great Tolerated the religious beliefs of others and opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes He ended the tax on non-Muslims He used paid officials in place of hereditary office holders Modernized the army Encouraged international trade

74 MUGHAL INDIA After the rule of Akbar the GreatMughal Emperors ended the policy of religious toleration Civil war broke out between Hindus and Muslims The war drained Mughal resources Peasant revolts Corruption became widespread and the central government collapsed After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Britain gained control of India They used an army of British troops and sepoys to drive the French from India Forced the emperor to recognize British right to collect taxes in Bengal

75 TAJ MAHAL

76 OTTOMAN EMPIRE It was clear that the caliphate was weak in the 14th century A Turkish family, the Ottomans, revolted against the Caliphate and were able to get their independence Little by little, the Ottomans (a.k.a. the Turks) start to conquer the Arab Empire (the Ottomans were Sunnis) Eventually, the Ottoman Turks brought the Arab Empire entirely under their control Conquered Constantinople in 1453 & moved capital to Istanbul Ottoman rulers took the titles of both the sultan and the caliph (example: Suleiman the Magnificent) The Turks were despised rulers because they had one foot in Europe and one foot in the Middle East

77 OTTOMAN EMPIRE The Ottomans divided their subjects into four social classes “Men of the Pen”: scientists, lawyers, judges, poets (Muslims) “Men of the Sword”: soldiers (Muslims) “Men of Negotiation”: merchants, tax collectors, artisans (Muslims and non-Muslims) “Men of Husbandry”: farmers and herders (Muslims and non-Muslims) Non-Muslims were divided into millets (religious communities) – each had its own religious leaders Each millet had to swear its allegiance to the Sultan and pay taxes DIVIDE AND RULE!!!

78 OTTOMAN EMPIRE Converted the Hagia Sophia and other cathedrals into mosques Their military force, use of gunpowder and strategic location led to the success of the empire Turned enslaved Christian children into fighting warriors known as janissaries Tanzimat Reforms: changes made in the Ottoman Empire in the 1800’s; meant to modernize and save the empire but were not successful; modernized industry, granted more political and religious freedom, expanded the nation’s physical infrastructure; and introduced western-style education The Ottoman Empire declined in 1921 after World War I

79 SAFAVID EMPIRE Located in present day IranLocated between the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire Shiite Muslims Engaged in frequent warfare – religion always played a major role – Sunni Ottoman Empire vs. Shiite Safavid Empire Shah (king) Abbas the Great built a new capital at Isfahan Isfahan was a center of international silk trade The Safavid Empire declined after the death of Abbas Pressure from the Ottoman Empire Persecution of religious minorities caused rebellion

80 TRADE & THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRESTrade was an enormous factor in the success of the gunpowder empires Trade flourished through the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade These empires maintained safety along the Silk Road and enabled them to gather plenty of road taxes Traded gold from Africa, silver from Europe, and silk from Asia Gunpowder rifles were also traded for the military, which gave them an advantage in battle Culture flourished – art and literature was also traded

81 THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

82 ASIA: THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE THE MANCHU DYNASTY

83 Peasant Farmers & Craftsmen Merchants

84 TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE Had a very strict and rigid governmentSocial mobility was forbidden Also known as the Edo period – Edo was the capital (modern day Tokyo) Against Western influence – Christians were persecuted National Seclusion Policy (1635) – prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad, and prohibited most foreigners from visiting Japan – Lasted for 200 years Buddhism and Shinto remained the center of culture Haiku became a popular form of poetry

85 MANCHU DYNASTY The Ming Dynasty was declining by the 16th centuryPirates raided port cities Internal problems – famines, peasants revolts 1644 – the Ming emperor invited a group of Qing warriors from nearby Manchuria to help with a peasant revolt, but instead the Qing ousted the emperor The Ming Dynasty ended and the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty began Manchus ruled China until 1912 The Qing adopted Chinese institutions and policies Emperor Kangxi encouraged foreign trade and welcomed Christian missionaries