1 Unit 3 The Progressive Era
2 The Agrarian Movement (1870-1900)The Grange The Populists
3 The Agrarian Movement (1870-1900)Problems of the farmers: New farm machinery and the opening of the Great Plains led to overproduction Increased farm production led to more crops per acre but falling food prices
4 The Agrarian Movement (1870-1900)Farmers had to ship goods to market and were at the mercy of railroad rates Farmers were constantly in debt, and a poor harvest could throw them into chaos
5 Grange Movement (1876) Original goal was to reduce rural isolationTurned into a group that demanded economic and political reforms for Farmers Helped to get Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 passed to regulate railroads
6 Populist party 1891-1896 A national third party representing:laborers, farmers, and industrial workers Wanted to fix problems of falling prices and currency shortages
7 Populist Platform Platform of 1892 Goals: Unlimited coinage of silverDirect election of senators government ownership of telegraph and railroad an eight hour work day Secret Ballots Immigration restriction A graduated income tax
8 William Jennings BryanPopulist William Jennings Bryan ran for the Presidency in 1896 Gave his famous Cross of Gold Speech Demanded an end to the gold standard to increase the money supply Praised farmers and denounced bankers
9 Third parties in American PoliticsHelp to educate voters on special issues Provide an outlet for minority grievances Pressure major parties to adopt their ideas
10 The Progressive Movement (1900-1920)
11 The Progressive Movement (1900-1920)Goals of Progressives Sought to correct: political injustices and economic injustices from Industrialization **(abuses of big business and exploiting of workers) Like the Populists wanted to reform society
12 Roots of Progressives Found in Social Gospel MovementThe idea that churches should help with the social issues in their communities—not the government Spearheaded by Protestant Clergyman and the educated middle class Called on Christians to rise to challenge of helping their fellow man
13 Change at the State LevelReformers (like Robert Lafollette) brought many reforms at the city and state level to make government more accountable to the people: Initiative: The right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval; If 5-15% of all voters sign a petition proposing a new law, that law must appear on the ballot to be approved or rejected by direct popular vote Referendum: If 5-15% of all voters sign a petition requesting it, a recently passed law must be placed on the ballot so that voters can either approve or veto it Recall: The right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office; Voters have the power to vote an elected official out of office before his or her term ends
14 Change at the Federal LevelReforms at the federal level with the Pendleton Act, which reduced political appointments and had job candidates pass an examination This ended patronage or the……____________ system
15 The Social Reformers A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. Jane Addams; Leader in the settlement house movement; created the Hull House in Chicago
16 Social Reforms Frances Willard—a social reformer who founded the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Florence Kelley: advocated for workers rights (especially children). She fought against child labor and for the creation of an 8 hour work day.
17 Muckrakers Group of investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists They worked to expose the abuses of industrial society and expose corruption that existed in all levels of government
18 Muckrakers Lincoln Steffens exposed the corruption of local politics under the political machines in major cities He published his story “Shame of the Cities” Revealed the amount of corruption and how it affected all aspects of life in a city Ida Tarbell: Wanted to expose the abuses of the Standard Oil Company trust under John Rockefeller Published her work in McClure’s magazine: The History of the Standard Oil Company
19 Muckrakers Frank Norris—The Octopus depicted the stranglehold railroads had over farmers Upton Sinclair—The Jungle revealed many abuses of the meat packing industry
20 Muckrakers Jacob Riis—How the other Half Lives showed the poverty of urban areas in US Ida B Wells—wanted to abolish lynching and establish racial equality published the work Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases
21 Meat Industry Upton Sinclair
22 The Progressive Presidents
23 The Progressive PresidentsProgressive reforms were introduced at the federal level by presidents: Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson
24 Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Believed in a strong Presidency and used his powers to safeguard the public interest Helped to break up “bad trusts” who used unfair business practices with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act This made him a “trust buster”
25 Think about it TR passed the Sherman Trust Act to deal with “good trusts” True False
26 Think about it… If Teddy Roosevelt believed in a strong government and enforced the Sherman Anti-trust act is he still following the Laissez-Faire economic values of the Gilded Age presidents?
27 Theodore Roosevelt The Square DealHis platform to pass laws to regulate business and protect consumers and workers Laws such as: Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) He also increased the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to help regulate certain industries
28 Think about it… Farmers would have supported TR because he toughened up (increased the power of) the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 True False
29 Roosevelt Changes the Relationship Between Government and BusinessAnalyze Charts: Which of these acts do you believe was the most important? Why?
30 Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)He worked with John Muir (an environmentalist/founder of the Sierra Club) to conserve the nation’s natural resources by drawing attention to the need to conserve forests, parks, and wildlife He withheld federal lands from public sale and added millions of acres to national forests and parks signed into existence five national parks, 18 national monuments, 55 national bird sanctuaries and wildlife refuges, and 150 national forests
31 Managing the EnvironmentAnalyze Maps: Based on the information in the map, when were the majority of national parks established? What region of the country holds the largest parks?
32 The Taft Presidency (1909-1912)When Roosevelt left office after 2 terms to return to private life, he helped his Secretary of War Taft win the Republican nomination—and the presidency in 1908 Continued most of Roosevelt’s policies, but angered Progressives with an increased tariff bill (Payne Aldrich Act). This bill would benefit big business
33 A New Direction In Presidential PoliticsAnalyze Political Cartoons What clues in this cartoon reveal what type of policies the author believes Taft will enact as president?
34 A New Direction In Presidential PoliticsAnalyze Information How did Taft’s and Roosevelt’s views on government and politics differ?
35 Taft's Agenda Differs He approved the Payne-Aldrich Act (1909),which did not lower tariffs as much as Roosevelt had wanted. He also pushed Congress to pass the Mann-Elkins Act (1910), which gave the government control over telephone and telegraph rates. Perhaps most importantly, he dropped Roosevelt's distinction between good trusts and bad trusts.
36 A New Party Forms Taft won the republican nomination in 1912, however he angered TR with his “new direction” (differing ideas). This caused TR to run as Bull Moose candidate in 1912, splitting Republican party
37 A New Direction In Presidential PoliticsAnalyze Maps: What evidence shown on the map supports the conclusion that divisions within the Republican party made the Democrats more likely to win the 1912 election?
38 Think about it… Taft DID NOT continue any of TR’s policies which caused TR to form the Moose Bull party True False
39 Woodrow Wilson ( ) With the republican party split, the Democrats won His party platform was called: New Freedom—that sought to control business practices promote greater competition lower tariff rates President Wilson used the expanded powers of the presidency established during Roosevelt’s and Taft’s terms to further regulate industry.
40 Wilson Endorses Further RegulationHe created the National Park Service To protect public parks and monuments that Roosevelt set aside. Department of Labor cabinet position to study problems of labor and enforce federal labor laws
41 The Progressives' Legacy—Under WilsonAnalyze Charts Why do you think that so many constitutional amendments were passed during the Progressive Era?
42 Think about it… Wilson’s program was called “New Freedom” and it focused on ending trusts ( by: increasing competition, lowering tariffs, and controlling business practices) True False
43 Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti Trust ActCreated to regulate the amount of money in circulation (Federal Reserve System) Clayton Anti Trust Act increased the federal government’s power to prevent unfair business practices with Federal Trade Commission. Gave more guidelines than the previous Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
44 Think about it… All of the following were developed under Wilson EXCEPT? A) Clayton Anti-Trust Act B) The Federal Reserve System C) National Park System and The Department of Agriculture D) The 16th amendment
45 OTD 5. Which president was concerned with public health/safety?1. Which President passed the square deal? 2. Which president toughened up the interstate commerce act (making farmers very happy) 3. which President angered the progressives causing the Bull Moose Party to form? 4. Which president loved the outdoors and set aside federal land for conservation. 5. Which president was concerned with public health/safety? 6. Which president passed the 16th amendment? 7. which president only served one term 8. which president created a cabinet that expanded the government’s power?
46 Woman’s Suffrage Movement
47 Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1848-1920Right to vote: Suffrage = Enfranchisement = Franchise
48 Seneca Falls, NY 1848 Group of men and women gather in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 In early 1800s, women involved in abolition (no slavery) and temperance (no alcohol) Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Write Declaration of Sentiments for women’s rights
49 What do you think? Poem from “Are Women People? A Book of Rhymes for Suffrage Times,” Alice Duer Miller, 1915
50 Legal Status of Women in the Early RepublicWere seen as property of the woman’s father or husband Could Not: own property earn wages participate in political activities Property of Husband
51 Before 1910 Women’s suffrage movement splits, but then unites in 1890Big leaders: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Two big strategies: Try to win suffrage state-by-state Try to pass a Constitutional Amendment (but this would need to be ratified by 36 states--or three-fourths)
52 Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony tried several times to introduce an Amendment in the late 1800s, but it was always killed in the Senate.
53 Susan B. Anthony Voted in 1872 election but was arrestedSupreme Court (1874) ruled that citizenship does not include the “privilege of voting”
54 A lot of opposition
55 Arguments of Anti-Suffragists:Women were high-strung, irrational, emotional Women were not smart or educated enough Women should stay at home Women were too physically frail; they would get tired just walking to the polling station Women would become masculine if they voted
56 And Support
57 The Next Generation Elizabeth Cady Stanton died 1902Susan B. Anthony died 1906 But in the early 1900s many young middle-class women were going to college and joining the suffrage movement Many working-class women also joined the cause, hoping the right to vote would help improve working conditions
58 National American Woman Suffrage AssociationCareful strategy Support President Wilson even if he doesn’t outright support suffrage Act ladylike!
59 National Woman’s PartyPicked up un-ladylike strategies from British suffragists Refused to support President Wilson if he wouldn’t support woman suffrage Often arrested for picketing in front of the White House; they were put in jail, went on a hunger strike and were force-fed
60 19th amendment (1920) After WWI, the 19th amendment passesNo state could deny a citizen’s right to vote on the basis of their sex
61 OTD 1) What is the 15th the singer is talking about?2) What does the line “franchise is not just the right of man—its universal” mean? 3) What is the woman dressed as “ANTI” say about the ‘right to vote’? 4) How important is the phrase “not superior but equal to men”? (what does that say about women) Lady GaGa--Bad Romance/Women's Suffrage