1 Unit 6 Asia

2 Foreword India and China are two of the world’s earliest civilizations. They developed in river valleys and built large advanced empires excelling in art, science and knowledge. Two major world religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, arose in India while China produced Confucianism and Laozi philosophy. Why would the Chinese Emperor Shi Huangdi build the Great Wall in 220 BC?

3 Chapter 6 Ancient India

4 Preface Indian civilization, one of the world’s first, developed along the Indus River. The Harappan civilization was the first Indian civilization. The Aryan invasion altered Indian civilization. India includes high mountain regions, huge rivers and heavy seasonal rains.

5 Geography Is Destiny India is a massive peninsula jutting out of southern Asia. Because India is vast it is called a subcontinent. The subcontinent of India is separated from Asia in the north by the world’s tallest mountain range, the Himalayan mountains and in the west by the Hindu Kush mountains. To the west of India is a vast desert known as the Thar Desert or the Great Indian Desert. Much of India is covered by fertile plains and rugged plateaus. Several major rivers flow out of the Himalayas and these river valleys’ fertile plains are where civilizations developed. The Indus river valley, located in Pakistan west of India, flooded when Himalayan snow pack melted and just as in Mesopotamia and Egypt, early humans settled and farmed the fertile silt.

6 Climate India is hot and humid. Monsoons, seasonal wind patterns, cause India’s wet and dry seasons. In the summer, monsoons blow into India from the Indian Ocean and cause heavy rains and destructive floods. Some places receive as much as 200 inches of rain. In the winter, dry winds blow down the mountain ranges and create dry warm winters.

7 Harappan Civilization.The first civilization to develop along the Indus River Valley was the Harappan. As Harappan irrigation and agriculture improved their civilization grew. Food surpluses allowed towns and cities as well as specialization (division of labor) to develop. Archaeologists estimate that Harappan civilization flourished thrived between 2300 and 1700 BC. No one knows why it ended.

8 Harappa and Mohenjo These two similar large Harappan cities developed 300 miles apart. Each was well planned with a grid-work of paved streets and a towering defensive fortress citadel . Each had storehouses, workshops, markets, public wells, sewer systems and single story and two story houses. Often people used their flat roofs. Houses had indoor plumbing. The cities covered about a square mile.

9 Harappan AchievementsHarappan civilization was advanced. They developed intricate pottery, jewelry, ivory carvings, cotton clothing, and beautiful seals. Merchants used a standardized set of weights and measures to facilitate trade. They developed India’s first writing system. Since it is unrelated to modern Indian languages it remains un-translated. Thus we know little about Harappan society. Harappans lack large religious monuments or palaces. The similarity of each settlement suggests some level of social control. Why?

10 Other Harappan SettlementsRuins have also been discovered at Kalibangan, Dholavira and Lothal (port). 2600 rural settlements have been excavated in NW India.

11 Aryan Invasion The Aryans invaded from parts unknown after the fall of the Harappan civilization. Aryans were skilled warriors. They had chariots and advanced weaponry. By 1200 BC the Aryans had conquered the Indus River Valley. They then moved east and took the Ganges River Valley. We know of the Aryans from the writings called the Vedas, poems, hymns, myths and rituals, recorded by Aryan priests.

12 Aryan Government The Aryans transitioned from nomadic herders to settled farmers. They built small villages based on family unit of clan. There was no single ruler, each village had a warrior leader known as a raja. Each farm contributed a portion of their harvest to the Raja. The Aryans fought among themselves as often as they fought foreign eenmies.

13 Aryan Language Sanskrit is the most important early Indian language. At first only oral it developed into a written language. Sanskrit records are the major source of information about Aryan society. Sanskrit is the root language of many South Asian languages.

14 The Origins of HinduismChapter 6 The Origins of Hinduism

15 Preface Hinduism, the largest religion in India, developed from ancient Indian beliefs. Under the Aryans, Indian society divided into distinct social classes that continue today. Aryans practiced the religion Brahmanism. Hinduism developed from It and influences from other cultures. Jainism broke away from Hinduism to form a new religion.

16 Indian Class System Aryan society was divided into groups based on occupation. Interaction between groups was strictly controlled. The 4 Varnas (divisions), from the Vedas, were Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (rulers/warriors); Vaisyas (farmers/traders/craftsmen); Sudras (laborers, servants/non-Aryans). Brahmins were highest ranking because they performed religious rituals. Over time, each of the Varnas was subdivided into many castes (groups).

17 The Caste System Over time the rules of interaction between Varnas became more strict and as a result the Indian caste system became complex. The caste system divided people based on their birth, wealth or occupation. At one time there were over 3000 castes. While the ordering of castes changed over time one could rarely change one’s caste. The sutras, caste system rules, forbid marrying into or eating with a different caste. Violation of the sutras meant banishment from ones home and caste and being labeled an untouchable.

18 Brahmanism Religion was important to Aryan society.In India religion became even more important. Aryan priests were called Brahmins and their religion was called Brahmanism. Brahmanism was based on the four Vedas. The oldest Veda, Rigveda, is from 2000 BC and is a sacred text of hymns of praise. (152) Over centuries, Aryan Brahmins compiled their thoughts about the Vedas into Vedic texts. One Vedic text describes Aryan sacrificial rituals. Another describes secret sacred rites. A final one, the Upanishads, circa 600 BC, are a collection of scholarly comments on the Vedas.

19 Hinduism Develops Hinduism is a result of the gradual blending of the beliefs of the Vedas, Upanishads and other Vedas with beliefs from Persian and Central Asia.

20 Major Beliefs of HinduismHindus believe all deities are aspects of a single universal spirit, Brahman who created the universe and everything in it. Everything is a part of Brahman. The world is an illusion Brahman is the only reality. Every person’s soul, atman, will eventually join with Brahman, which is the goal of every soul. Souls are reincarnated many times before they ascend and unify with Brahman. Each new life attempts to see through the illusions of life and glimpse the reality that is Brahman. Karma affects how many times one is reincarnated.

21 The Three Major Aspects of BrahmanBrahma represents the creator aspect and he has four faces symbolizing the four Vedas. Siva represents the destroyer aspect and has four arms and three eyes and he is often depicted dancing on a defeated demon. Vishnu represents the preserver aspect and has four arms and carries a conch shell, a mace and a discus symbolizing his power and greatness.

22 Hinduism And Castes One’s reincarnation is driven by the quality of one’s karma. Bad karma, bad actions, results in being reborn into a lower caste or lower life form! Good karma, good actions, eventually leads to salvation from reincarnation, moksha. Dharma is one’s duty to accept ones place and fulfill the duties required of one’s caste. Obedience to dharma yields good karma. Of course, dharma and karma helped preserve the caste system.

23 Jainism Some Indians rejected Hinduism and embraced Jainism.Jainism is based on the teachings of Mahavira. He was a 599 BC Kshatriya Varna, who rejected the Brahmin control over Hinduism and their focus on ritual. Mahavira abandoned his life of luxury and became a monk and established Jainism. The 4 principles of Jainism are injure no life, tell the truth, do not steal and own no property. Jains practice ahimsa, nonviolence, to avoid injuring anything. Many Hindus also practice ahimsa. Why ahimsa? Everything is alive and part of the cycle of rebirth. At all costs one must avoid injuring or killing anything living. Thus they reject animal sacrifices and are vegetarians.

24 Chapter 6 Buddhism

25 Preface Buddhism originated in India and spread throughout Asia.Prince Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, sought wisdom. He broke from Hinduism circa 500 BC. Buddhism teaches one ways of finding peace.

26 Prince Siddhartha Born circa 563 BC near the Himalayas, Prince Siddhartha lived in luxury. He was a Kshatriya, warrior class, and he was immune to the sufferings of common people. He had a restlessness, a quest for answers, he saw the suffering of others and asked why there was so much pain and what was the meaning of life. At age 30, he left his home/family to seek answers. He sought out wise men, yet was unsatisfied with their answers to his questions.

27 Enlightenment Siddhartha became determined to find the answers he sought. He stopped bathing and started fasting and spent most of his time in meditation. After 6 years of wandering he arrived at Gaya near the Ganges River and sat down under the Tree of Wisdom to meditate. He meditated for 7 weeks and then the answers came to him.

28 Suffering Human suffering is born of three things:Desiring what we do not have; Desiring to retain what we have and like; Not desiring what we dislike but have.

29 The Buddha After 7 more weeks of meditation he described his new ideas to five of his disciples who called the event the First Sermon. Siddhartha was about 35 when he found enlightenment under the Tree of Wisdom. Thereafter he was called the Buddha, the enlightened one. Buddha spent his life teaching his new ideas to people in Northern India.

30 Buddha’s Teachings Buddhism is the religion based on Buddha’s teachings. Buddha began as a Hindu and thus his teachings included Hindu ideas. He felt people should act morally and treat others well. (158)

31 The Four Noble Truths These are the four guiding principles of Buddhism. 1). Life is suffering. No one can escape suffering. 2). Suffering is caused by our own desires. We create our own suffering. 3). One can overcome desire and ignorance and attain nirvana, a state of perfect peace. Nirvana frees one’s soul from reincarnation. 4). One can overcome desire and ignorance by following the eight-fold path to wisdom, enlightenment and salvation.

32 The Eight-Fold Path Buddha felt the correct path must be the middle way between desire and self-denial. 1). Believe life is suffering. (4 Noble Truths); 2). Right Intent. Incline towards goodness/kindness; 3). Right Speech. Do not lie or gossip. 4). Right action. Do not steal. Do not harm. 5). Right Livelihood. Do no work that harms. 6). Right effort. Prevent evil. Do good. 7). Right Mindfulness. Control feelings and thoughts. 8). Right Concentration. Meditate properly.

33 Buddhism Challenges HinduismBuddha rejected much in the Vedas, especially animal sacrifice. Buddha rejected Brahmin priests and their rituals. Each soul was responsible for its salvation, a priest could not help them. Buddha embraced reincarnation. Reincarnation continues until Nirvana is obtained. Buddha rejected the caste system, everyone was capable of nirvana. This made Buddhism a universal religion, open to all, like Christianity. The lower classes converted in vast numbers. Wealthy people embraced the middle path which allowed them to avoid extreme deprivation in the path to nirvana.

34 Buddhism Spreads Buddhism spread even after Buddha died.After he died 500 followers gathered to spread his teachings. They spread his teachings throughout India. Buddhism was popular because it was easy to understand years after Buddha died, it was practiced throughout India.

35 Asoka In the 200’s BC, Asoka, a king of India, converted to Buddhism and built Buddhist temples and schools throughout India. Asoka worked to spread Buddhism outside India as well. He sent Buddhist missionaries throughout Asia. In 251 BC a group of Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, SE Asia, Central Asia, Persia, Syria, Egypt and up to the Himalayas. Eventually, Buddhism spread along the silk road and reached China, Korea and Japan. Millions were converted.

36 The Buddhist Schism Disagreements grew as to what were the proper teachings of Buddhism. Two branches developed: Theravada Buddhism, an exact literal application of Buddha’s teachings, and Mahayana Buddhism, a version that allows for latter day interpretations of Buddha’s teachings. Mahayana is the much larger sect.

37 Chapter 7 Early Indian Empires

38 Preface Following the Aryan invasion, India was divided into small states each with its own ruler, and was lacking in a central government. In the 300s BC Alexander the Great conquered NW India and introduced Hellenistic culture and Imperial government. Alexander’s control was brief but he left an impression on leaders that would unite India. The Mauryan Empire unified most of India and the Gupta Empire promoted Hinduism.

39 Chandragupta Maurya In 320 BC Chandragupta Maurya (CM), a military leader, seized control of N India thus founding the Mauryan Empire that lasted 150 years. CM ruled with the help of a complex government that included spies and 600 soldiers, thousands of war elephants and thousands of chariots. This enormous government and military was funded through heavy taxes on farmers In 301 BC CM became a Jainist monk and abdicated his throne in favor of his son who continued to increase the empire. Soon the Mauryan Empire contained all of N India.

40 Asoka In 270 BC, Asoka, CM’s grandson became king. He was the strongest of Mauryan rulers and extended the Mauryan Empire over almost all of India. The empire became stronger and more wealthy. Asoka converted to Buddhism and swore he would cease waging wars of conquest. Asoka turned his energies to improving the lives of his subjects by building wells, roads, rest stops and rest houses. He encouraged the growth of Buddhism throughout Asia by sending Buddhist missionaries far and wide.

41 After Asoka Asoka died in 233 BC and the empire disintegrated soon thereafter. Asoka’s sons fought among each other for control of the empire (civil war) and invaders took advantage of the internal chaos in the empire. In 184 BC the last Mauryan emperor was killed by one of his generals. Afterwards India reverted to a collection of smaller states once again.

42 Gupta Empire India remained dived for 500 years after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire. During this period Buddhism flourished and the practice of Hinduism declined. Circa 320 AD the Gupta dynasty took control of India ad inaugurated an era of unification and prosperity.

43 Chandragupta I Unrelated to Chandragupta Mauryan, he conquered most of N India and became the Gupta Empire’s first emperor. The Guptas were Hindu and thus Hinduism became the primary Indian religion. Many Hindu temples were built and a renaissance in Hindu writings and worship was encouraged. Under the Guptas India flourished. They encouraged Buddhism and Jainism by founding The Nalanda University that became one of Asia’s greatest Buddhist centers. Buddhist art and temples were encouraged as well.

44 Chandragupta II Chandragupta II ascended to the throne in 375 and his reign marked the zenith of Gupta society. He conquered all of N. India. He built a strong prosperous economy. He encouraged the creation of fine works of art and literature. The Gupta Empire’s wealth and beauty became the envy of others.

45 The Gupta and the Caste SystemThe Gupta considered the Caste System as being essential to Indian society. They felt the Hindu caste system strengthened their rule and brought stability to the empire. As a result, women did not fair well under Gupta rule. Brahmins taught women’s roles were that of wife and mother. Women could not choose their husbands. Marriages were arranged by parents. Wives were to serve their husbands. Widowed women had quite a low social status.

46 The Huns Attack! Beginning in the late 400’s AD, the once strong Gupta empire came under attack from the NW by the Huns from central Asia. The Huns fierce cruel and terrifying attacks drained the Gupta empire of its resources and strength, and the Guptas lost hope. By the mid 500’s AD the Gupta empire had fallen and once again India was divided into small independent kingdoms.

47 Chapter 6 Indian Achievements

48 Preface Ancient India contributed greatly to the arts and sciences.Great works of religious art were created. Sanskrit literature flourished under the Guptas. Scientific advances were made in metalworking, medicine as well as astronomy and mathematics.

49 Temples At first Hindu temples were small stone structures with one or two rooms underneath a flat roof. Under the Gupta, Hindu temples became more complex, had more rooms and were topped with towers and adorned with carvings of gods. Gupta period Buddhist temples were impressive and often were carved into mountainsides. Ajanta is the most famous Buddhist temple site and the temple was filled with wall paintings and sculptures.

50 Painting Painters were a respected class and were funded by wealthy patrons. Many of the clear colorful graceful works provide glimpses into Indian daily life. Because of the importance of Hinduism and Buddhism, many of the greatest paintings are found in temples.

51 Sculpture Buddhist temples often had numerous and large sculptures. This fact was especially true of Buddhist cave temples. Temples typically had intricately carved columns, statues of kings and of course of the Buddha. Some sculptures tower over their respective temples. Hindu temples were often inhabited by scores of sculptures that adorned and covered the temple walls.

52 Sanskrit Literature I Sanskrit is the language of the Aryans.During the Mauryan and Gupta periods great Sanskrit religious texts were written. The two most famous are the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The ever popular Mahabharata contains the Bhagavad Gita, which a long discourse on Hindu beliefs. The gripping aspect of the Mahabharata is that it recounts the struggle between two powerful noble families to control a kingdom.

53 Sanskrit II The Ramayana, written before the Mahabharata, tells the story of Prince Rama, actually the god Vishnu in disguise as a human on earth so he could rid it of demons, who is on a quest to rescue his wife Princess Sita. The Ramayana is seen as a model for Indian behavior. Rama is the ideal ruler and he has an ideal marriage to an ideal bride and he is assisted by ideally loyal generals and servants. The story of Rama is also d The Monkey King. Why?

54 Kalidasa The Gupta period had great poets, authors and playwrights.Kalidasa was the most famous and Chandragupta II hired him to write plays for the royal court.

55 Panchatantra Before 500AD the Panchatantra was produced. This collection of stories were intended to teach a series of lessons. They are similar to fables or parables. The stories praise cleverness and quick thinking and each ends with a moral about friendship, war, loss or another essential issue. The Panchatantra was hugely popular and thus was translated and eventually spread throughout the world.

56 Metalworking The ancient Indians were pioneers in the science of working with metals, metalurgy. They created high-quality tools and weapons and knew the processes for manufacturing alloys by combining different metals. Alloys can be stronger or easier to work with than pure metals. Their strongest products were made of iron. There was intense trade interest in Indian iron.

57 Delhi Iron Pillar The Delhi Iron Pillar (DIP) remains a world renown oddity. Rust is easily susceptible to rust but the DIP resists rust even today. Scholars and tourists visit the DIP to study its amazing properties. It is evidence of the metallurgy expertise of theGuptas.

58 Mathematics Gupta mathematicians were among the most advanced of their day. Our Hindu-Arabic numeral system is based on the Indian system the Arabs brought to Europe. Indians scholars were the first to use the zero (0). This innovation is a prerequisite to modern mathematics.

59 Medicine Indian doctors began inscribing their medical knowledge in textbooks as early as the 100’s AD. These doctors were renown for making medicine from plants and minerals. The ancient Indian doctors administered inoculations, injections of a small dose of a virus so the body can develop its own immunity to the virus. How does this process work? Indian surgeons performed surgery on broken bones, wounds, infected tonsils, broken noses and detached earlobes! If no other cure was apparent, doctors cast magic spells. Psychosomatic? Prayer?

60 Astronomy The study of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies, astronomy, is another area in which the Indians excelled. They observed seven of the nine (?) planets in our solar system. They recognized that the sun was a star similar to the seemingly infinite number of stars in the evening sky. Remarkably, they knew the Earth was a sphere and that it rotated on its axis! They could predict solar and lunar eclipses as well.

61 Chapter 7 Ancient China

62 Geography Is Destiny Chinese civilization began with the Shang dynasty settled along the Huang He. China’s geography made farming possible but travel and communication difficult. Civilization in China began along the Huang He and Chang rivers. Like other early river civilizations, the Chinese had to control flooding and irrigate their fields. China’s geography divided China into distinct regions.

63 China’s Geography Geography controlled China’s destiny. China’s geography made it isolated from the outside world while dividing China into distinct separate units. Travel and communication were quite difficult. China is 4 million square miles (about the same as the USA). The Gobi desert provides a harsh barrier to China’s north. The Pacific Ocean borders China to the east. To the east of the Gobi are vast fertile plains that comprise one of the largest farming regions on earth. The western frontier, 2000 miles from the Pacific, has a border of rugged mountains. In the southwest lies the Plateau of Tibet which contains soaring mountains as well (26,000+ feet). From the plateau mountain spread east. The Qinling Shandi range separates north and south China.

64 Climate Climate varies widely across China.The NE is dry and cold. In the winter rivers freeze for more than half of the year. In the NW the deserts are extremely dry. The E plains receive heavy rainfall. The SE is tropical and receives the most rain. Monsoons can bring 250 inches of rain a year.

65 Chinese Rivers China is fed by two great rivers.The Huang He (Yellow) stretches almost 3,00 miles across N China. The river floods and leaves deposits of fertile silt. Although the se floods are crucial they have killed millions of people and are called the “Sorrows of China.” To the south flows the Chang Jiang (Yangzi) from the mountains of Tibet to the Pacific. It is the longest river in Asia. In ancient times the rivers linked W China to E China. While the mountains limited N & S contact.

66 Birth of Chinese CivilizationThe Chinese settled along rivers like all ancient people. They farmed, developed villages and eventually formed a civilization.

67 Farming Framing began along the Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers. Their flooding provided fertile silt. Circa 7,000 BC rice was grown in the Chang Jiang Valley. Along the Huang He cereals (millet and wheat) were grown. The diet was supplemented with fish and game as well as domesticated pig and sheep. More food meant more people.

68 Ancient Settlements One site with 40 houses was found along the Huang He. These houses had straw covered roofs and were partially underground. There were animal pens, storage pits and a cemetery. Larger towns have been discovered with defensive walls. Arrowheads, fish hooks, tools, cloth and pottery have been found.

69 Two Cultures Develop Separate cultures developed in the S versus the NE. The two largest were the Sanxingdui and the Hongshan. Nothing is known about them. They were absorbed by later cultures. By 3,000 BC the Chinese used the potters wheel. They also dug water wells. Villages spread across N and SE China.

70 Tombs Chinese believed in the afterlife.Tombs contained food and other items useful in the afterlife. In the tombs of the wealthy were found jewelry and objects of Jade.

71 Xia Dynasty Along the Huang He developed China’s first true civilization. Circa 2200 BC, Yu the Great, one in a series of early kings who ruled China, founded the Xia dynasty. Yu undertook a 10 year public works project of digging channels to drain flood waters to the ocean in N China. Maybe, Yu’s feats are just myths. Yet, they stress working together under imperial control to solve a problem faced by all the people.

72 Shang Dynasty By the 1500’s BC the Shang dynasty was firmly established along the Huang He Valley and ruled most of N China. The Shang king was the political and religious center of society. The nobility served the king and advised him. The nobility populated most official positions in the government.

73 The Shang Social Order The Shang organized the Chinese social order.The royal family and the nobility were at the top. The nobility owned most of the land and passed their wealth and power on to their sons. The nobility lived in huge estates within the walled Shang cities. Warriors leaders from far regions of the empire were also given a high rank in society. Why?

74 The Lower Classes Artisans, the middle class, lived outside the city walls in ghettos based on what they did (profession). Some artisans made weapons, pottery, tools or clothing. Framers, a lower class, worked long hours and had little income. Taxes took most of their income. Slaves, the bottom class, worked for no income. They were crucial to the Shang dynasty.

75 Shang Advances They developed China’s first writing system using 2,000 characters. Modern Chinese is based on this early Shang system. The Shang used bone oracles to predict the future and answer questions posed. The Shang created beautiful bronze objects for use in cooking and religious ceremonies. The Shang made axes, knives and ornaments from Jade. The Shang military developed war chariots, powerful bows, and bronze armor. Shang astronomers developed a lunar calendar.

76 Chapter 7 The Zhou Dynasty

77 Preface The Zhou dynasty was an era of political stability and social innovation in ancient China. The Zhou expanded China’s territory initially and then entered a period of decline. Confucius’s philosophy brought order and discipline to China. Daoism and legalism became popular as well. Family and social order were a hallmark of this era.

78 The Inception of the Zhou DynastyIn the 1100’s the Zhou ruled a Chinese kingdom. They allied with other clans and overthrew the Shang dynasty. The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in Chinese history.

79 The Mandate From HeavenThe Zhou rulers claimed they possessed the Mandate from Heaven. The mandate is the Chinese equivalent of the European absolutism’s doctrine of divine rights of kings. The concept is that kings rule because God wills it. A king’s power thus flows from God to the king. Therefore to oppose the king is to oppose heaven!

80 The Overthrow of the ShangThe Zhou originated in a kingdom west of the Shang kingdom. The Zhou used the Mandate of Heaven to justify their overthrowing of the Shang. The Zhou expanded their territory to the NW and the E. Then they moved S extending their rule to the Chiang Jiang river.

81 A New Political Order The Zhou king was at the top of society. He granted plots of land to lords. Lords paid taxes and provided soldiers when the king demanded them. Land was granted in exchange for loyalty, military support and other services. Peasants (farmers with small farms) were at the bottom of the social order. Peasants farmed their own land and also worked land for their lord. In reality, all land belonged to the king and he allotted it to lords who allotted land in their dominion to peasants.

82 The Zhou Political System Brings OrderThe network of lords and the system of land distribution allowed the Zhou to rule throughout their dominion and ensure that everyone was loyal to the king. Over time this system broke down. Lords began to bequeath their land to their sons who were not as loyal to the king. Contemporaneously, local rules began to gain power and rejected the Zhou king’s authority.

83 The Decline of the Zhou As the lords’ loyalty faltered they became unwilling to provide soldiers to aid the king in repelling invasions. In 771 BC invaders attacked the Zhou capital. The Zhou lost the battle but the dynasty survived. After this humiliating defeat the lords fought among themselves.

84 The Warring States PeriodBy 481 BC China had descended into chaos. This era of civil wars is called the Warring States Period. It lasted 200+ years! Lords raised huge armies and waged brutal cruel wars. 1000’s of armies were involved. What sense of honor the Zhou had was lost. Iron weapons increased the level of carnage. Cavalry was introduced (soldiers on horses).

85 The Breakdown of The Clan SystemThe Zhou decline coincided with changes in the Chinese Family structure. Th large powerful clans broke apart. Relatives became rivals instead of allies. Bonds of loyalty eroded. Sons fought each other and some sons killed their fathers. Greed supplanted honor. The Warring States Period lacked a strong central government and as a result Chinese society ell into anera of disorder.

86 Confucius I Confucius is the most influential philosopher in Chinese history. Confucius AKA Master Kong or Kongfuzi. Confucius was born poor. He was an excellent student and excelled in music, math, poetry and history. He served in low government positions and became a teacher. His teachings/philosophy transformed China.

87 Confucius II Confucius felt China was populated by rude and dishonest people. He was disgusted by social disorder and peoples’ lack of decency. Confucius declare that the Chinese must return to an ethical (moral) life. Confucius’ philosophy is Confucianism. Confucius’ goal was to return China to a time when people knew their place, and family order and social harmony were firmly established. Read Confucius words on page 191.

88 Main Ideas of ConfucianismBe respectful and loyal to your family. Lead compassionately and by example. Learning is a process that never ends. Heaven requires that people behave morally and ethically.

89 The Analects After Confucius death, his teachings were compiled into The Analects. Confucianism stresses morality, family, society and government. Confucianism is more than a philosophy. It is a guiding principal in Chinese behavior. To many, it is a religious outlook as well. Confucianism’s views on virtue, kindness and learning have become the dominant beliefs in China. Confucius believed heaven required people to behave well and act morally. Read Analects on page 192.

90 Daoism Dao means “the way.” (the guiding force of all reality). Daoism stressed living in harmony with the Dao. Daoism believed that the Dao birthed the universe and everything within it. Daoism was a reaction to Confucianism. Confucianism taught that active involved leaders brought social harmony. Daoism disagreed. It believed the government should not be involved in people’s lives. Daoism believed people should avoid altering nature or each other. People should be like water and simply “go with the flow” that occurs naturally. Daoism favored a leader who was a wise man in harmony with the Dao who ruled effortlessly essentially unnoticed by people.

91 Daoism Balance The universe is a balance of opposites.Female & male; light & dark; low & high. Opposing forces must be in harmony.

92 Human World or Natural World?Confucianism focused on the human world. Daoism focused on the natural world. Daoism regards humans as part of nature and equal to all other elements in nature. Confucianism accords humans a special place a position superior to the rest of nature. Over time, the Dao as symbolic of nature became a Daoist object of worship.

93 Laozi Laozi was the most famous Daoist teacher.He taught that mankind should not seek wealth or power. He wrote The Way and its Power, the basic text of Daoism. Maybe others wrote it. There are many legends of Laozi’s achievements. Perhaps Laozi is mythical. Some worship Laozi as a supernatural being.

94 Legalism Legalism holds that people are bad and must be controlled. Society needs strict laws and stiff punishments to keep people in line. Citizens were responsible for the behavior of others! A guilty person’s family and neighbors were punished for the guilty person’s crime! The goal was that everyone would obey the law and encourage everyone else to do so as well. Legalism is a political philosophy without religious aspects. Legalism dealt with government and social control. It rejected the morality of Confucianism and the Daoism lack of respect for authority. Unity and efficiency were hallmarks of Legalism. Legalism favored appointed government officials over leadership by nobles. Legalists expected the empire to expand and kept the empire in a state of preparation for war. Legalism was the first philosophy put into practice throughout China. Legalism, Daoism & Confucianism are still in conflict in China

95 Chapter 7 The Qin Dynasty

96 Preface The Qin dynasty reunifies China and establishes a strong strict central government and a system of standardization. Qin policies and achievements served to unify China.

97 The Qin Ascend Over the Others.The Qin with their strong army subdued their rivals and brought the Warring States Period to a close and eventually unified all of China under one government

98 Shi Huangdi In 221 Qin king Ying Zheng took the title Shi Huangdi (“first emperor”) and unified China. He instituted legalist policies, a strong government with strict laws and harsh punishments. Any writing contrary to legalism was burned. Only books on medicine, farming and predicting the future were saved. 460 scholars that objected to the burnings were BURIED ALIVE!

99 Qin Empire Expands The Qin occupied all the lands around China’s two great rivers. Then they marched N and conquered up to the Gobi desert. Then they marched Sand conquered up to the Xi river. Every captured city had its defensive walls destroyed and all weapons destroyed. Think 2nd Amendment!!!!

100 Political Order Under the QinShi Huangdi claimed all power and refused to share it with the nobility. He seized many noble estates and forced 1000’s of noble families to relocate to the capital so he could keep an eye on them. Commoners were forced to work on government building projects for years at a time. The work was dangerous and hard. Many died. Shi divided China into districts each with an appointed governor. Districts were subdivided into counties with appointed officials. A strict chain of command was enforced. Tax revenue greatly increased. Review the box on page 195.

101 Qin Policies Because of the geography of China distinct cultures developed in isolated regions. Shi wanted all of China to share the same culture. He established a uniform system of law. He standardized the written Chinese language. As a result people from different regions could communicate and everyone could expect the same treatment from the government. These changes furthered unification in China.

102 Standardization Shi introduced a new money system based on standardized gold and copper coins. Weights and measures were standardized to facilitate trade. Axle widths were standardized for transportation and roads. The new standards were strictly enforced. The disobedient were severely punished.

103 Achievements Massive building projects were undertaken with the goal of further unifying China. Under Shi a network of roads was uilt that connected the capital to every corner of the empire. Road width was standardized (50 paces wide) to facilitate ease of military transport and to fight rebellions. The canal system was enlarged and improved. Transportation was made faster and more efficient. The irrigation network was increased as well making more fields suitable for agriculture.

104 The Great Wall Fierce nomadic warriors from the north had been a constant problem for China. Shi had the Great Wall built. This barrier linked earlier walls located on China’s N border. The first walls were built in 600 BC. The Qin created one unbroken wall. It took hundreds of thousands of laborers years of forced labor to finish the wall. Many died while working on the project.

105 The Fall of the Qin Shi unified China but the harshness of his policies earned him many enemies and a great amount of resentment. Shi held China together but when he died in 210BC the government began to disintegrate. Rebel forces erupted across China. One such force attacked the Qin capital and the emperor surrendered. The palace was burnt and Qin authority ended. China fell into civil war. There was no central authority again. In death, Qin is guarded by a terra -cotta army.

106 Chapter 7 The Han Dynasty

107 Preface He Han based their government on Confucianism rather than Legalism. This government valued family and and education. The Han dynasty lasted 400 years. Family life was seen as central to the strength and success of China. The Han made great achievements in art, literature and learning.

108 The Han Dynasty AscendsIn 207 BC Liu Bang (a peasant) and his rebels succeeded in defeating all other rebels following the collapse of the Qin dynasty. Liu became the first Han emperor. Since he was a commoner, he relied upon the mandate from heaven to justify his rule. Liu was trusted and well liked by the people and the military. Liu abandoned strict legalism. He reduced taxes on farmers and reduced penalties for crimes. He granted large blocks of land to his supporters. He relied on educated officials to assist him in ruling.

109 Emperor Wudi In 140 BC Wudi took the throne. His goal was a stronger central government. He raised taxes, took land from the nobility and put the grain supply under the control of the government. Confucianism became the official government philosophy. A Confucian university was opened and government officials were required to practice Confucianism. In order to serve in the government an individual had to be recommended (wealthy or influential families) and pass a test on Confucianism.

110 Han Period Family Life The Han period saw great social change and a return to a focus on the family (clan?). Class structure became more rigid.

111 Social Classes Confucianism divides people into 4 classes.The upper class included the emperor, the court and the scholar bureaucrats. The second (largest) class was the peasantry. The third class was the artisans who produced goods for daily life and luxury goods. The lowest class was the merchants who were regarded lowly because they produced nothing just resold things. The military was not a separate class but part of the government.

112 The Rich Most people were poor (2nd class).One’s lifestyle was linked to one’s wealth. The emperor and court lived in a huge palace. Government officials lived in multilevel houses surrounding courtyards. The wealthy had large estates and employed laborers to work their land. Many had private armies. The wealthy filled their homes decoration: paintings, sculpture, bronzes, jade figures and hired musicians. The wealthy’s tombs were elaborate and furnished with expensive objects.

113 The Poor 60 million people lived in the Han period.90% were peasants living in the countryside. Peasants worked long days in the fields and in the winter worked at building compulsory public works projects. There were heavy taxes on peasants and most gave up independent agriculture and went to work for the wealthy. By the end of the Han period few independent farmers existed. Peasants lived simple lives and wore plain clothing made from plant fiber. They ate grains (barley). They lived in small villages in small wood-framed houses. Walls were made of mud or earth.

114 The Family I The Han dynasty enforced Confucius’ teachings regarding the family. Children had to obey their elders. Disobedience was a crime! The father heads the family and his power was absolute. Wives had to obey their husbands. Children had to obey their father. The Han believed that if the family was strong and the father obeyed then the people would obey the emperor. Obeying one’s parents might help one get a government job.

115 The Family II Children were required to serve their parents and honor them in death with ceremonies and offerings. (Ancestral Worship) Burial sites must be maintained. Boys were valued more than girls b/c boys carried on family names and were required to care for their parents when the parents were old. Daughters became part of their husband’s family. Some women had influence and some widows ran families. In many activities society was segregated based on gender.

116 Art and Literature The Han period created great art.Painting was exceptional, especially portraiture. Religious and Confucian themes were common as well as works featuring nature. Poetry was favored in Han China. The Fu style was most popular. Fu style combined prose and poetry into a long opus. Shi poetry featured short lines of verse meant to be sung. Many courts employed poets.

117 Works of History The Han produced important works of history.Sima Qian wrote the complete history of all the dynasties of China. His format and style became the template for future historic writings.

118 Inventions The Han are credited for inventing paper. (Romans? Egyptians?) Rudimentary books (scrolls) were engineered. (Romans?) The Chinese introduced the sundial which used the sun’s position to determine time. The Chinese invented a seismograph to measure the strength of an earthquake. Earthquakes were seen as a sign of evil spirits. The Han introduced acupuncture, the insertion of needles into the skin to cure disease and pain.

119 Japan and the Outside WorldChapter 7 Japan and the Outside World

120 Preface Trade introduced new ideas and products. China had contact with Rome and the Middle East. Farming and manufacturing grew during the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty saw a return to an emphasis on Confucianism. Buddhism from India was introduced as well.

121 Han Manufacturing The Han made great advances in manufacturing that made prosperity and greater trade possible. The Han were master ironworkers. Iron swords and armor made the Han armies invincible.

122 Han Farming The iron plow and wheel barrow increased farming production. With a wheel barrow a farmer can move up to 300 pounds. A plow allowed a farm to till the soil by himself.

123 Silk Silk is made from a thread woven by silk worms to make their cocoons. The process of making silk cloth from these cocoons was a well guarded Han secret. Silk is an expensive durable strong lightweight warm soft material that takes dye well. World wide demand for silk was always high.

124 Han Trade Routes Trade increased due to the increased Han production of goods such as silk as well as the increasing world wide demand for what the Han offered. As Han armies conquered Central Asia they introduced Han goods. Increased trade followed. Demand for silk was especially high. Emperor Wudi wanted Central Asian horses for his army. He traded silk for horses.

125 The Silk Road The most famous trade route across Central Asia was the Silk Road, a 4,000 mile network of trade routes, that ran from China to the Mediterranean. The Han Ventured as far as Central Asia whereupon Asian traders took the Han goods to Europe. The silk road was dangerous and well guarded by hired guards. Bandits were common. Extreme weather was daunting. (blizzards, sand storms & heat waves) Nonetheless, traders on the silk road often became wealthy.

126 Han Chaos and Religion In the 1st century AD Buddhism spread along the Silk Road from India to China. Buddhism arrived as the Han dynasty was disintegrating. The government was unstable, crime and violence were increasing. Rebellions were common. Millions of peasants starved. Uncertainty reined in the minds of the Han. Daoism and Confucianism gained many followers and saw a resurgence in popularity.

127 Han Buddhism Buddhism seemed to offer more compassion and solace than Daoism and Confucianism. Buddhism offered rebirth and relief from the enslavement of desire and suffering. Indian Buddhist used Taoist ideas to explain and introduce Buddhism. Buddhism’s appeal grew rapidly. By 200 AD Buddhist altars adorned the imperial palace. Buddhism had diffused throughout China. Chinese culture was altered by Buddhism. Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese. Many became Buddhist monks or nuns.