1 United States Civil WarThe Road to War United States Civil War

2 Civil War and Post-War ErasVS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that divided our nation and led to the Civil War by identifying the events and differences between northern and southern states that divided Virginians and led to secession, war, and the creation of West Virginia; describing Virginia’s role in the war, including identifying major battles that took place in Virginia.

3 In this lesson you will:Explore the reasons that our country became divided and entered into the Civil War. the major leaders on both sides battles in Virginia the outcome

4 Differences that led to the American Civil WarEconomic Social Political

5 Economic Differences

6 North More factories People began moving to the cities to workFewer people were farming People from other countries moved to the North Population grew rapidly to over 19 million PEOPLE!!!

7 Big Business Northern States were industrialized. The major products of this area were textiles, lumber, clothing, machinery, leather and woolen goods.

8 South Mostly farming Few large cities Few factories

9 Labor and King Cotton The South’s economy centered on agriculture.Tobacco was important, but cotton eventually became the dominant crop. Slaves were used to cultivate all these crops, though cotton most of all.

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11 “King Cotton” Cotton was hard to prepare for marketThe little seeds had to be separated from the cotton. This was very hard to do and took a LOT of TIME Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin Made cleaning cotton easier Farmers grew more cotton and made more money Needed more slaves to work the cotton

12 Slavery added to the economic differences that began to divide the North and South.

13 In the 1850’s, slavery was used in the southIn the 1850’s, slavery was used in the south. Tractors and other machines hadn’t been invented yet. Slavery was needed to keep plantations working and making money. A plantation is a large farm.

14 Social Differences

15 Plantation Slaves Only a minority of Southern whites owned slaves. More than half of all slaves worked on plantations. The "poor whites" lived on the lowest rung of Southern society and held no slaves.

16 Plantation Owners It is easy to understand the interest of the planters in slave holding, they owned most of the slaves. But most southerners and poor whites supported the institution of slavery as well. The poor aspired to be like the wealthy plantation owners.

17 Slavery Defined Slavery was inherently a system of brutality and coercion in which beatings and the breakup of families through the sale of individuals were commonplace.

18 Southern politicians insisted that slaves in the South were treated better than wage laborers in the North.

19 Right to be Free The greatest problem of slavery was not the behavior of individual masters and overseers toward the slaves, but slavery's fundamental violation of every human being's inalienable right to be free.

20 Political Differences

21 Territories and StatesBy 1850 our nation’s territory stretched over forest, plain and mountain. Within these boundaries lived 23 million people in a union comprising 31 states.

22 Territories Want to Become States

23 Slavery Issue Slavery Settlers from the South who moved west took their slaves Settlers from the North didn’t own slaves and thought slavery was wrong. Many were abolistionists who wanted to end slavery all together.

24 Freedom for Slaves? The plantation owners feared that if freed, blacks would compete with them for land. They were also afraid their plantations would not survive without the free labor slaves provided.

25 Northern states wanted the new states created out of the western territory to be “free states,” while the southern states wanted the new states to be “slave states.”

26 No New Slave States Many Northerners believed that if not allowed to spread, slavery would ultimately decline and die. California, New Mexico and Utah did not have slavery, and when the United States prepared to take over these areas in 1846, there were conflicting suggestions on what to do with them.

27 Slavery The South believed it needed new territory for additional slave states to offset the admission of new free states.

28 Slave States Territories Slave States Free States

29 The Issue of States RightsSouthern opinion held that all the territories had the right to sanction slavery. The North asserted that no territories had the right.

30 States Rights – Political DisagreementSouthern States believed the state government should be the strongest. Northern States believed the federal government should be the strongest.

31 Rebellion

32 The Underground RailroadSystem of escape routes leading to freedom Members were called conductors Hiding places were called stations Harriet Tubman was most famous An escaped slave Returned to the South over 20 times to help others Click here to find out more about the Underground Railroad.

33 Violent Resistance Violent ways to resist Nat Turner’s RevoltLed an attack killing 57 people He and others were caught, tried in court, and hanged

34 John Brown: Antislavery FanaticJohn Brown, an antislavery fanatic led a band of followers in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Brown's goal was to use the weapons seized to lead a slave rebellion. He was captured and hanged. He was viewed as a hero by abolitionists. Sing along, “John Brown’s Body”

35 Government tries compromise to resolve the arguing between regions.

36 Congress Compromises Compromise of 1850California would be admitted as a free state, which would benefit the North. The North would agreed to obey the Fugitive Slave Law. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Would require police in the free states to help capture slaves escaping from slave states.

37 Discover the secret message hidden in this slave song.Compromise of 1850 Many Northerners continued to help fugitives escape, and made the Underground Railroad more efficient and more daring than it had been before. Discover the secret message hidden in this slave song.

38 Quarreling in Kansas and NebraskaIn 1854 as the region that now comprises Kansas and Nebraska was being settled, the old issue of slavery in the territories was renewed and the quarrel became more bitter.

39 Kansas-Nebraska Act Stephen A. Douglas, a Democratic senator from Illinois, proposed a bill, the Kansas-Nebraska Act. His plan called for Kansas and Nebraska, to permit settlers to carry slaves into them. The settlers were to then determine whether they should enter the Union as free or slave states.

40 A Divided House Kansas-Nebraska Act – allowed the Kansas & Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. Dred Scott Decision – stated that slaves were property. States’ Rights – each state should be allowed to make its own decision about most issues.

41 Missouri Objects Slave-holders in Missouri, objected to letting Kansas become a free territory, for their state would then have three free-soil neighbors (Illinois, Iowa and Kansas). They feared their state would be forced to become a free state as well.

42 Kansas-Nebraska Act PassesIn May 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed the Senate amid the boom of cannon fired by Southern enthusiasts.

43 Abraham Lincoln: Runs for PresidentLincoln had long regarded slavery as an evil. In a speech in Peoria, Illinois, in 1854, he declared that all national legislation should be framed on the principle that slavery was to be restricted and abolished.

44 Abraham Lincoln, 1858 “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free.”

45 Lincoln Wins Lincoln won only 39 percent of the popular vote, but had a clear majority of 180 electoral votes, carrying all 18 free states. Despite his poor electoral showing, Douglas trailed only Lincoln in the popular vote.

46 Breaking the Nation ApartThe South wanted to have their own nation and be able to decide what laws to have. The North did not want the country to be broken apart.

47 South Carolina secedes: The Union DissolvesThe southern states said that if Lincoln won the Presidential election, they would secede (leave) the union. South Carolina was the first southern state to seceded from the union.

48 Six More States Secede By February 1, 1861, six more Southern states had joined South Carolina in succession. On February 7, the seven states adopted the constitution for the Confederate States of America. The other southern states as yet remained in the Union.

49 The Union Dissolves The South formed their own nation, The Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis served as the President.

50 Jefferson Davis As a senator he often stated his support of slavery and of states' rights, and as a cabinet member he influenced Pierce to sign the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which favored the South and increased the bitterness of the struggle over slavery.

51 Confederate White House in Richmond, VirginiaSuccession! Confederate White House in Richmond, Virginia

52 Virginia and West VirginiaVirginia was one of the last states to join the Confederacy Western part of Virginia supported the North Divided into two states West Virginia joined the Union in 1863

53 Secession: Legally VoidAbraham Lincoln was sworn in as president of the United States. In his inaugural address, he refused to recognize the secession, considering it "legally void."

54 WAR! The battle began in April of 1861 when the Confederate Army took over Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.  

55 Battle Plans The Battle of Bull RunA stream near Manassas Junction, Virginia Many came bringing picnics to watch the North crush the South. But, Southerners were fighting to DEFEND their land. Led by Stonewall Jackson Outnumbered…Out supplied…But more determined Click for more information about Civil War Soldiers

56 Leader of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant Leader of the Union Army Would later become President of the United States.

57 North’s War StrategiesLincoln called for MORE officers Needed new battle plans 1. Blockade South’s ships entering and leaving. 2. Take over the Mississippi River 3. Invade the South and CAPTURE their capital, RICHMOND, Virginia Anaconda Plan

58 Robert E. Lee General for the United States Born in VirginiaDecided to LEAVE the Union and join the Confederacy after his home state of Virginia seceded the Union. “I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children.”

59 South’s War StrategiesBreak the blockade so their ships could get through Get help from Britain and France because they needed the South’s cotton. Invade and DESTROY Washington, D.C.

60 Civil War, Death and DestructionA war had begun in which more Americans would die than in any other conflict before or since.

61 Civil War, Death and DestructionA war had begun in which more Americans would die than in any other conflict before or since.

62 Civil War, Death and DestructionA war had begun in which more Americans would die than in any other conflict before or since.

63 Women and Life on the Home Front

64 Women and Life on the Home FrontHard for everyone, North and South Most civilians were women Took over factory work, businesses, and the farm work. Grew food, made clothes, bandages, and collected supplies. Worked as nurses Served as SPIES Dressed as men and FOUGHT in the war!

65 Iron Clad Battle Ships An important sea battleSouthern ships tried to break through the Union blockade Monitor (Union) and the Merrimack (Confederate) Near Norfolk and Hampton Fought to a draw (tie) Tour the Monitor Merrimack Monitor

66 Emancipation ProclamationDuring the third year of the Civil War, President Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation which freed slaves in the south. Actually freed few slaves because the rebellious south ignored it and it did not free slaves in the border states or already captured southern states, However, it made a symbolic impact.

67 The battles rage on…. The South would win many battles in the beginning of the war General Robert E. Lee defeated Union Troops at Fredicksburg, VA As the war continued, the might of the North began to wear down the South North had more resources, men, weapons, food…

68 Richmond, Virginia The capital of the Confederacy fell to General Ulysses S. Grant and was burned by the retreating Confederates.

69 Robert E. Lee General Lee surrendered at Appomatox Court House on April 9, This effectively brought the American Civil War to an end.

70 Can you answer these questions?What conflicts developed between the northern and southern states in the years following the American Revolution and led to the Civil War? Why did Virginia secede from the Union? How did West Virginia become a state?

71 What about these? What major Civil War battles were fought in Virginia? Who were some of the leaders of the Civil War? Why was Virginia such a significant part of the Civil War? Where did the Civil War end?

72 Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War American Story Cont… Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War Civil Rights for African Americans

73 Activity Writing Situation: Pretend you are a news reporter during the years prior to the Civil War. Directions for Writing: Write an news article explaining the causes leading to the Civil War.

74 Additional Resources An Interview with a Slave (listen to a first-hand experience) Civil War Quiz American Civil War Homepage Civil War Photographs Civil War Millionaire Game Civil War Battles Pop Up More Civil War Resources