1 Urban regeneration and the post-fordist cityGuggenheim museum, Bilbao 1997 From Fordist City to Post-Fordist City Reinventing Cities The city and the service Economy Culture as key element of the new City From Welfare to supply side policies Europe of regions? Conclusion

2 Stories are important means of communication Narratives and stories (Todorov, 1978; Mattingly, 1991; Finnegan, 1998; Gonzalez, 2005) Stories are important means of communication narratives are ways of organizing and contextualising our knowledge and experience It helps to make sense of otherwise complex realities According to Todorov, there are 5 key sequences in a narrative: State of equilibrium The disruption of such equilibrium Awareness and acknowledgement of a chaotic situation An attempt to repair the chaos the success of a new moment of equilibrium

3 Fordism and the city Sub-urbanisation distance home-work-shopIncreasing investment into the second circuit of capital – in-built environment Fetichization of commodity – esteem and wealth passive class – mortgage based property ownership [ David Harvey, 1978, 1982]

4 Fordism and the City: EuropeCapital valorisation through the productive economy Cities integrated into the logic of Fordism  less sub-urbanization Cars played an equally important role in connecting functionally distant areas  motorways, roads. cohesion and support for demand via consumption of social services and public goods: provision of social housing, infrastructure and public goods (e.g. health, education)  Welfare state Sustainability of the virtuous cycle of Fordism the spatial distribution of the city as a reflection of the latter

5 Crisis of Fordism and the cityOver production  niche markets Economy organised around ‘systems/architecture’ of innovation across different policy regimes, regulatory bodies, funding mechanisms: localities; sub-national, national and supra-national regulatory domains; national and supra-national policy regimes; regional policy; public institutions; local political leadership. retreat of the state and neo-liberal policies of free markets: increasing role for the private sector and a shift from welfare to supply-side initiatives in a context of increasing liberalisation and lower taxes regimes.

6 Post-Fordism and the cityFull Monty Post-Fordism and the city Deindustrialisation: E.g. Britain – the Midlands, the North, Wales, and Scotland Spain – Basque country, Asturias, Catalonia.

7 Post-Fordism and the CityIndustrial decline brought profound changes to traditional industrial cities

8 Post-Fordist city is associated with the service economyThe dominance of service industry has brought new challenges to the way cities organise space, attract and retain employment, and secure investment. e.g. Finance, design, marketing, accounting, fashion, higher education, consultancy, insurance.

9 The Post-Fordist City and the service industryIncreasing social polarisation linked to the availability of high paying and relatively low paying salaries. Poorly paid jobs also tend to be unstable (e.g. part-time, temporary, zero hours, agency contracts) and tend to be done by women. e.g. Retail, cleaning, call centres, fast food, cashiers, receptionist, catering.

10 Post-Fordist City and the challenges of a service economyHigh mobility – unlike manufacturing industry, dependant on its location due to high investment [investment in buildings, machinery, equipment, specialised labour force] – the resources of a service industry are geographically more dispersed and easily accessible [e.g. office space; women) Cities have to compete to attract investment and persuade highly trained polyvalent workers to state in the city

11 Service economy and the rise of world citiesWorld cities (e.g. London, Tokyo, New York) as sites of economic control (Sassen, 2001) Coordination of design, marketing, production at global scale concentration of key players in service industry (e.g. finance, hedge funds) cater for the needs of high paid work force

12 Challenges of post-Fordist citiesLifestyle environment connectivity culture

13 Culture in-built environment – architecture as reference point (monumental architecture) marketization and consumption of the city – the city as a ‘cultural city’ cultural industry – exhibitions, events, restaurants, high street shops. These areas constitute new references for new narratives and stories about the past-present-future of cities  locational

14 Tourism – consuming the city (Meethan, 1996; Miles and Miles, 2004; Cronin and Hehtherington, 2008)Marketization and image building of cities e.g. guides, advertisement, travel and transport companies, specialised magazines Cities as spectacle experiential – imagined experiences of the city The city through the tourist gaze Urban transformation to fit the tourist experience Heritage orientated urban development

15 Heritage, culture, and conflict in the city (Joseph L. Scarpaci, 2005)Historic district recuperation and tourist promotion city centre as heritage and tourist spectacle Everyday life – tourist image of the city: encounter as a conflict zone

16 Boris Johnson Iñaki Azkuna Pasqual Maragall Post-Fordist City – ‘local politics’ (‘entrepreneurial city’, David Harvey, 1989, Hall and Hubbard, 1996; Bob Jessop; 1997; White, Jonas, Gibbs, 2004; Giordano and Roller, 2002, 2003) Competing ideologies and strategies: ‘Europe of Regions’ (nation building, regional autonomy, and regional economic growth), versus ‘Europe of Cities’. bottom up approach; role of sub-national authorities Conflict and antagonism at different inter-governmental levels In terms of provision of traditional services and new policies Devolution of responsibilities down towards smaller units Involvement of the private sector (e.g. investment, expertise)

17 Best practice and policy transfer (García, 2004; Gonzalez, 2008)Ciudad Real airport , Spain Best practice and policy transfer (García, 2004; Gonzalez, 2008) Mechanisms  European City of Culture claims of duplicity and waste -> infrastructures Commercialisation of culture at the expense of local production of art

18 Creativity or cultural homogeneityCreativity or cultural homogeneity? (the cultural turn in the social sciences - Appadurai, ethnoscape, 1996; Allen, Massey, Prike, 1999; Anderson, Domosh, Pile, Thrift, 2002; Crang, 2002; Stevenson, 2003; Oakes and Price, 2008) The city a juxtaposition of people – migrants, youth, students exchange a wealth of values, norms, practices and the production, reproduction and consumption of objects. The commodification, regeneration, marketization, speculation of urban land --? What values and norms? Whose city? Is there space/place for experimentation? Is the city a place to encounter the other? Is the city a juxtaposition of people? Is the city a place for commercialised culture?  GUGGENHEIM Is there space for dynamic forces of creativity? E.g. literary, musicians vs financial capitalism, this leads to questions of what agents matter in the transformation of the city (e.g. luxury) Is monumental architecture (e.g. headquarters) a story of the new cultural values defining the city? (e.g. corporation power) – is it a shared aspiration?

19 Bilbao Business and trade centre

20 Urban regeneration – from welfare to supply sideEmphasis on the provision of infrastructure as means to enhance the attractiveness of cities  attract foreign investment. This includes: the re-definition and usability of land  national regulation, sub-national authorities implementation office and commercial spaces communication infrastructure for intra, inter-city and inter-national connections Trams Undergrounds bridges Inter- modality key policy agenda Un-even geographical integration – the case of HST (Bel, 2012) Public housing? Public spaces?

21 Europe of Regions? – HST development in EuropeThis type of infrastructure not only tends to emphasise cities but studies have shown that the effects of HST link contributes to reinforcing a hierarchy of cities (Bel, 2012)

22 What future? The future(s) of citiesThe Basque city? The HST train in Basque country will connect the three provincial capitals of the Basque Autonomous community What future? The future(s) of cities Regional or urban logic? Service or industrial economy? Nation building or regional city? Nationalism or cosmopolitanism? What stakeholders, projects, authorities, policies are being prioritised?

23 Fragmented cities? (Syngedouw, Moulaert, Rodriguez, 2002)Speculative capital commodification of land new functional spaces in the outskirts of cities Lack of integrative approach to urban planning ‘Paris never existed’

24 Approaching cities Multiple-vantage pointsAlliances, coalitions and groups of interests Governmental planning structures administrative and local agencies economic and urban policies Urban design private promotors (e.g. developers, construction companies, real estate) EU instruments and policies (e.g. Cohesion, urban, European cities) Supply-side policies Political parties and political participation Citizens Partnerships (e.g. public-private; local, regional, national administrations; private development; development agencies) civil society what stakeholders, interests, and projects are being prioritised

25 Conclusions Limits to regeneration?the limits of supply side and monumental architecture What is the future of tertiary cities? Zero-sum competition? Hierarchy and social polarisation key characteristic of the urban landscape Can best practice be evenly applied? Lack of democratic accountability?

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