1 USE OF CROP RESIDUES: WHEAT, PADDY, COTTON, SUGARCANE AND GROUNDNUTPRESENTED BY ISHWAR PRAKASH SHARMA
2 INTRODUCTION Crop residues are-The parts of plants left in the field after the crops have been harvested and thrashed. The organic material remains left behind on fields after harvesting. Good source of plant nutrients, are the primary source of organic material added to the soil. Important components for the stability of agricultural ecosystems. The primary substrate for replenishment of soil organic matter (SOM).
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP RESIDUESCharacterized by low digestibility, low metabolisable energy content, low crude protein content and low content of available mineral and vitamins. Characterized by its seasonal availability and have characteristics that differ from other solid fuels. Characterized by the high content of volatile matter and lower density. Contains large amounts of assimilated carbon (C) and nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and potassium (K).
4 Elemental analysis of crop residuesAsh (%) Calorific Value (MJ/kg) C H N Na K P Mg Ca SiO2 O S Arhar Stalks 53.30 4.70 0.60 0.05 0.57 0.08 0.40 0.11 0.68 - 1.98 Bagasse 48.20 6.10 0.20 0.06 0.51 0.04 0.36 0.14 1.30 44.40 0.01 3.01 18.18 Cotton Sticks 51.00 4.90 1.00 0.09 0.61 0.43 0.12 1.33 43.87 3.10 17.4 Groundnut Shell 41.10 4.80 1.60 1.20 0.10 2.52 4.43 Maize cobs 46.20 0.03 0.54 0.07 0.28 2.00 3.02 Maize stalks 4.20 0.42 0.45 0.90 2.10 Rice husk 37.80 5.00 0.30 0.02 0.17 15.77 35.45 16.5 14.4 Rice straw 36.80 2.50 0.53 15.60 40.50 19.2 11.7 Wheat Straw 43.80 5.40 0.78 0.35 7.08 8.47
5 ADVANTAGES OF CROP RESIDUEIt is a fuel which is available free of cost to the poor rural families. It is remain safer than LPG which poses some safety concerns in local transport and use. It is a useful way to dispose of the crop residues in the field, instead of burning them in situ. It is easy to handle and transport. It is much easier to light than wood and charcoal.
6 DISADVANTAGES OF CROP RESIDUEIt is responsible for extreme cases of air pollution when it is burned in open fires. It is very bulky and has to be carried to the homes. The seasonal availability of crop residues can be limit for its use. Its burning time is worse. Its storage requires more space in house.
7 ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSFor the farmer, agricultural residues can be a cash crop. Marketability it provide jobs and services. In industry, 4 kg of crop residues could replace the one liter of furnace oil. Environment- The burning of agricultural wastes cause air pollution, soil erosion, and a decrease in soil biological activity. A tonne of crop residues prevents addition of 1.5 tonnes of CO2 to the atmosphere.
8 CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT (CRM)CRM serves as double function, both confronting global warming and food security by increasing carbon sequestration in agriculture and increasing grain yields. CRM systems include conservation tillage practices and other practices that provide sufficient residue cover to protect the soil surface from the erosive effects of wind and rain. The main advantages of CRM over conventional systems include fuel and labor savings, as well as long-term benefits to soil structure and fertility.
9 EFFECTS OF CRM ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN SOILS
10 BURNING OF CROP RESIDUESCrop residues burnt in India Crop Major producer states having surplus crop residues Amount of crop residues (million tonne) Surplus crop residues (million tonne) Rice Punjab, Haryana 18.6 15.0 Wheat Punjab, Haryana , UP, Rajasthan, M.P. 67.6 15.4 Sugarcane UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat 26.9 21.6 Groundnut Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh 3.3 Mustard Rajasthan, UP, MP, Haryana, Gujarat 9.4 4.5 Cotton Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka 29.4 11.8 Total surplus 71.6 Mt Percentage given in parenthesis (SPRERI, 2004)
11 USES OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUESBiofuel Animal Feed Industrial Raw Material Soil Quality Improvement Erosion Control Traditional Nutrient Cycling Modern Liquid Biofuels Soil Biodiversity Water Management Soil Structure & Tilth Carbon Sequestration
12 USE IN BIOFUEL INDUSTRY
13 USES OF WHEAT RESIDUE Bran, germ and middling are valuable feed and stack. Straw is used as bedding for cattle, for packing fragile foods, for thatching etc. Straw also useful for furfuryl alcohol. Straw pulp is utilized in the manufacture of paper, straw board and building material. Straw is also use as biogas generation. Bran, straw etc. also useful for mushroom culture. And As a raw material for industry.
14 USES OF PADDY RESIDUE Husk is used as a fuel and for making hardboard and as a row material for alcohol and furfural. Bran serves as cattle feed and edible fatty oil is also obtained from bran. Straw is used as fodder, as soil mulch and in the manufacture of straw board. Straw is also used for thatching, making heats, mats, sacks, ropes and baskets.
15 USES OF GROUND NUT RESIDUEOil cake is used as feed for cattle and other farm animals and also used as manure. The best quality cake of ground nut into flour for human consumption as a protein rich food supplement. After harvesting the residues are left in the field and use for maintaining N-availability in the field.
16 USES OF COTTON RESIDUE Cotton seeds are rich in protein and vitamins of the B-complex and are use as cattle feed. The decoction of seeds is used in the treatment of dysentery and intermittent fevers. Cotton seeds oil is an edible vegetable oil and also useful for the manufacture of soap, lubricants, sulfonated oil and protective coatings. Cotton seeds oil is also a substitute for olive oil in pharmaceutical industry. Root bark used as an ergot like drug. Stem used for fuel and paper pulp.
17 STATUS OF AREA WISE AVAILABILITY OF COTTON STALKS IN INDIAZones States Area (million ha) Availability of Stalks (million tons) Northern(Area m.ha, Stalks 4.06 mt) Haryana Rajasthan 0.533 0.350 0.588 1.60 0.70 1.76 Central(Area m.ha, Stalks mt) Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra Orissa 0.630 2.390 3.124 0.060 1.26 7.17 6.24 0.12 Southern(Area m.ha, Stalks 3.41 mt) Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Others 0.962 0.133 0.370 0.035 2.4 0.27 0.74 0.07 Total 9.175 22.33 Cotton Advisory Board, 2007
18 USES OF SUGARCANE RESIDUEBagasse used mostly as fuel, paper and wall board. Bagasse is also used as mulch for plants and as a litter or bedding for poultry and livestock. Molasses used as food stuff for candy making, cooking, manufacture of rum , vinger, glycerol, lactic acid, industrial alcohol and monosodium glutamate etc. Sulphitation filter mud is used as manure. Sugarcane wax used as a substitute of carnauba wax in the manufacture of carbon paper, wax paper and shoe and other polishes.
19 CONCLUSION Crop residues are not the agricultural waste but it is most valuable for the managing system as well as for the human welfare. Crop residues are essential for the improvement of soil quality and crop productivity Crop residues contain large quantities of nutrients, and thus the return of crop residues to the soil can save a considerable quantity of fertilizers. Crop residues caused marked increases in microbial populations and microbial biomass in soils.
20 References Singh Y, Singh B and Timsina J (2005) crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-based cropping systems in the tropics. Advances in Agronomy, 85: Metzger RA, Benford G and Hoffert MI (2002) To Bury or To Burn: Optimum Use of Crop Residues to Reduce Atmospheric CO2. Climatic Change 54: 369–374. Kaewpradit W, Toomsan B, Cadisch G, Vityakon P, Limpinuntana V, Saenjan P, Jogloy S and Patanothai A (2009) Mixing groundnut residues and rice straw to improve rice yield and N use efficiency. Field Crops Research 110:130–138. Teixeira SR, Peña AFV and Lima RG (2010) Use Of Residues from Industrial Carbonized Sugarcane Bagasse to Produce Charcoal Briquette. Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste. Brito J.; Chada I.; Pinto P.; Guerrero C. and Beltrão J. (2007) Sugarcane pulp residue as a horticultural substratum and as an organic corrective. International journal of energy and environment 2(1). Eaglesham ARJ and Ithaca (2003) Results of a co-ordinated research project organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture in Management of crop residues for sustainable crop production, IAEA in Austria publication.
21 THANKS