1 Using APA Formatting & Style Guidelines Revised – 2/18/16Avoiding Plagiarism: Using APA Formatting & Style Guidelines Revised – 2/18/16

2 What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism means using another’s work without giving them credit and saying that it is your own

3 Examples of PlagiarismCopying and pasting text from online encyclopedias, books, journal articles, etc… Copying and pasting text from any web site Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement Using another student’s work and claiming it as your own even with permission

4 More Examples of PlagiarismQuoting a source without using quotation marks - even if you do cite it Citing sources you didn’t use Getting a research paper, story, or article off the Internet Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism)

5 How to Avoid PlagiarismUse your own words and ideas Always give credit to the sources you use. If you use someone’s exact words - put them in quotes and give credit using in-text citations. You must also include the source in your references

6 How to Avoid PlagiarismIf you have paraphrased someone’s work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit Take very good notes--write down the source as you are taking notes. Do not wait until later to try and retrieve the original source. Avoid using someone else’s work with minor “cosmetic” changes

7 References & CitationsReferences are the list of sources that you have cited within your paper. They are located at the end of a paper or presentation in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. Citations (in-text citations) are used within the body of a paper to acknowledge the specific source of the information.

8

9 WHAT happens if you plagiarize?Suspended or Expelled from the SCH program. This can also prevent you from entering another school and from getting a job. Destroyed personal reputation – it can follow your career. You could be fired and it can be hard to find another job. Legal – authors have a right to sue. It could also be considered a criminal offense. Plagiarized medical research can also endanger people’s lives.

10 Using Reliable SourcesInformation found on the Internet is transient and often unreliable. (Wikipedia, Google, etc…) Internet sites must be evaluated very carefully for reliability, as all sources are not authoritative or trustworthy. Who wrote it? What’s the source? Contact info? Is the info accurate? Appropriate? Reliable? When was the information last updated? Does it agree with other credible sources? Do the links work? Is it well laid out? Easy to navigate? The LIRN databases contain reliable, authoritative information. You should be using information from LIRN for your papers.

11 What is APA? APA is a system that describes how your paper should be organized and formatted in terms of: physical layout citations references.

12 APA - Physical Layout Your paper should be: Typed Double-spacedHave 1” margins Use pt. standard font (ex. Times New Roman) Be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5” x 11”)

13 APA – Physical Layout cont…Your paper should include four major sections: Title page Abstract - not always required – ask your instructor Main Body References

14 APA – Physical Layout cont…Every page of your paper should: Include a page header (Title, all caps) in upper left-hand corner and a page number in upper right corner. ONLY on the title page – the name of your paper should be formatted as follows: Running head: DIABETES UPDATE On all other pages, you will include the title in all caps (you do not need the words Running head).

15 APA – Title Page Running head: TITLE OF PAPERPage number – in upper right corner Title – in upper half of page, centered Your name - (no titles or degrees) Institution - Your school name

16 APA – Physical Layout cont…Number the first text page as page number 3 (title pg - #1, abstract #2) Ask your instructor if you need to include an abstract. Type all text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break Identify all sources used.

17 APA – Reference Page LayoutCenter the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it. Double-space reference entries Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work

18 APA – Reference Page - Example

19 APA – Formatting ReferencesInvert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials) Example: Smith, J.Q. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word. EX: The perfect research report: How the Suncoast College APA presentation saved my paper.

20 APA – Formatting References cont…Capitalize all major words in journal titles Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections For nursing schools, all references used must be no more than 5 years old.

21 Formatting In-text CitationsIn-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper. Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: the author’s name and the date of publication Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples… Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003). If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative (as in the first example), cite only the year of publication in parentheses. Otherwise, place both name & year separated by a comma in parentheses.

22 Definitions Quotations must be identical to the original, using a small portion of the source. They must match the source document word for word you must give credit to the original author. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. You must also give credit to the original author. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader portion of the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to give credit to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

23 Citing Quotations - ExamplesArmstrong (2005) has stated that typical responses include “repetitive, self-injurious behaviors and hallucinations” (p. 15). Typical responses frequently entail “repetitive, self-injurious behaviors and hallucinations” (Armstrong, 2005, p. 15).

24 Quotes & In-text CitationsIntroduce quotations with a signal phrase (the phrase that leads into the quotation) Include the author’s name, year of publication, and page number Keep the citation brief

25 Introducing Quotes with Signal PhrasesIntroduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.: According to Jones (2008), “….” (p. 3). Jones (2008) reported that “……” (p. 3). Use such signal verbs such as: acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded, agreed, asserted, claimed, described, explained, stated, suggested, etc… Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when they discuss past events. PP tense = has reported, have responded, etc…

26 Using Long Quotations Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Peterson’s (2010) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when they were unfamiliar with how to cite  sources. This difficulty could be due to the  fact that many students failed to purchase an APA style  manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 252).

27 In-text citations Summary or ParaphraseProvide the author’s last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase: While studies on child development tend to focus primarily on traditional American educational models, they fail to consider successful models being utilized by other countries (Schwartz, 2012).

28 In-text citations Summary or ParaphraseInclude the author’s name in the signal phrase, followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. Recently, the history of the women’s suffrage movement has been significantly revised by Parker et al. (2011), Martin (2012), and Burns and Brown (2013) to include the personal stories and cultural responses of women from around the world.

29 In-text citations Summary or ParaphraseWhen including the quotation in a summary/paraphrase, also provide a page number in parenthesis after the quotation:

30 In-text Citations – 2 or more worksWhen the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon. Recent reports highlight the benefits of eating a plant-based diet to normalize blood sugar levels (Campbell, 2010; Sabatino, 2013).

31 In-text Citations – 2 authorsWhen citing a work with two authors, In the signal phrase, use “and” in between the authors’ names According to nutrition researchers Scott and Burton (1999), “It is no longer safe to consume genetically engineered food” (p. 3). In parenthesis, use “&” between names Some nutritionists have found that “it is no longer safe to consume genetically engineered food” (Scott & Burton, 1999, p. 3).

32 In-text Citations – 3 or more authorsWhen citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. (Morton, Baker, & Price, 2001) In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Morton et al., 2001)

33 In-text Citations – 6 or more authorsWhen citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.” Smith et al. (2015) maintained that…. (Smith et al., 2015)

34 In-text Citations – Unknown AuthorUse the source’s full title in the signal phrase Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis: According to “Ohio Joins National Accountability System” (2012) OR (“Ohio,” 2012) Other types of titles: Articles and Chapters = “ ” (use quotes) Books and Reports = italicize

35 In-text Citations - OrganizationsWhen citing an organization: mention the organization the first time you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation. The data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) confirmed that… If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include it in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed… FDA’s experts discovered…

36 In-text Citations – same last nameWhen citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names. (B. Williams, 2015; Y. Williams, 2014) When citing two or more works by the same author and published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the references. Baker’s (2014a) study of adolescent immigrants…

37 In-text Citations Personal CommunicationWhen citing interviews, letters, s, etc., include the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date. R.L. Crosby claimed that many of his students have a tendency to plagiarize (personal communication, February 8, 2016). OR (R.L. Crosby, personal communication, February 8, 2016). Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

38 In-text Citations – Electronic sourcesWhen citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph heading. According to Linden (2010),…(Back to Nature section, para. 3).

39 In-text Citations - TablesLabel tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and title appear on separate lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced. Cite a source in a note below the table. Table 1 Internet users in Europe Note: The data are adapted from “The European Union and Russia” (2007). Retrieved from Country Users France 9 ml.

40 In-text Citations - FiguresFigures are: graphs, charts, maps, drawings, or photographs Label figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and the title appear on the same line below the figure, flush-left . You might provide an additional title centered above the figure. Cite the source below the label and the title. Figure 1. Internet users in Europe. Adapted from The European Union and Russia: Statistical comparison by Eurostat Statistical Books, 2007, Retrieved from

41 Additional Resources Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. APA’s website: The Purdue OWL:

42 Research Assistance Deb Cogan, MLS Library Director