1 Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas Estar + el participio pasado

2 1 Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos

3  Los artículos definidos (el, la, los, las) are used in the following instances: 1.Before abstract nouns (la paz, la vida, el amor) and nouns used in general sense (el café, la cerveza). La vida de la ciudad es intensa. City life is intense. 2. Before parts of the body and articles of clothing when it is clear who the possessor is. Voy a ponerme la chaqueta porque hace frío aquí. I’m going to put on my jacket because it is cold here. 3. Before the days of the week to mean “on.” Tenemos la clase de español los lunes, miércoles y viernes. We have the Spanish class on Mondays,Wednesdays and Fridays. 4. Before dates and times of day. Empezaron a construir la casa el catorce de marzo. They began to build the house on March 14. 5. Before names of languages, except when they follow de, en or hablar. However, the article is often omitted after the following verbs: aprender, enseñar, entender, escribir, estudiar, leer, and saber. El español no es un idioma oficial de los Estados Unidos pero muchas personas lo hablan. Spanish is not an official language of the United States but many people speak it. 6. Before titles, (except San, Santa, don and doña) when speaking about the person, though the article is omitted when speaking to the person. Tenemos que hablar con la profesora Salgado sobre la renovación de su casa. We have to speak with Professor Salgado about remodeling her house. 7. Before the names of certain cities, regions, and countries such as La Habana, Los Ángeles, La Mancha, El Salvador, and La República Dominicana. However, the article is optional with the following countries. (la) Argentina(la) China(el) Paraguay (el) Brasil(el) Ecuador(el) Perú (el) Canadá(el) Uruguay(los) Estados Unidos

4 Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos  Los artículos indefinidos (un, una, unos, unas) are used when the noun is not known to the listener or reader. Once the noun is identified, the definite article is used. 1.Indefinite articles are omitted in the following instances: a.after hacerse and ser when followed by an unmodified noun referring to nationality, political afiliation, profession, or religion. Pensaba hacerse contratista pero ahora quiere ser arquitecto. He was thinking about becoming a contractor by now he wants to be an architect. b.before cien(to), cierto, medio, mil, otro, and tal (such). Pensamos gastar mil dólares para terminar la cocina. We are planning on spending a thousand dollars to finish the kitchen. c.after the prepositions con and sin. El plomero nunca trabaja sin gorro. The plumber never works without a hat. d.in negative sentences and after verbs like buscar, hacer, and tener when the numerical notion of un(o) or una is not important. No tengo carro hoy así que no te puedo llevar. I don’t have a car today, so I can’t take you. 2.Indefinite articles are used in the following instances: a.Before a number, unos and unas are used to indicate an approximate amount. Necesitamos unas dos toneladas de ladrillos para el Proyecto. We need about two tons of bricks for the project. b.before a noun that is modified. Antonio Gaudí fue un arquitecto español innovador. Antonio Gaudí was an innovative Spanish architect.

5 2 El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas

6 El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas  In Capítulo 2 you learned about the subjunctive to express volition or will (commands, requests, and wishes). In Spanish, you also may use the subjunctive to express feelings, emotions, doubt, and probability. Me alegro de que tengas un presupuesto. I’m happy that you have a budget.

7  Some verbs and phrases used to express feelings and emotions: alegrarse deto be happy (about) avergonzarze de (o-ue)to feel (to be) ashamed of gustarto like ser bueno/maloto be good/bad ser lástimato be a shame sentirto regret temer / tener miedo (de)to be afraid (of) El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas Temo que no podamos comprarla. I’m afraid we cannot buy it.

8  Some verbs used to express doubt and probability: dudarto doubt no creernot to believe; not to think no estar seguro (de)to be uncertain no pensarnot to think ser dudosoto be doubtful ser probableto be probable El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas Marco no cree que nosotros sepamos suficiente para renovar una casa. Marcos doesn’t think that we know enough to renovate the a house

9 El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas  The verbs creer, estar seguro de, and pensar do not use the subjunctive, but rather the indicative after que because they do not express doubt.  When there is no doubt, uncertainty, or disbelief about an action or event, and the subject appears certain of the facts, or if no emotion is being expressed, the indicative is used. Creo que podemos terminar de renovar el baño para septiembre. I believe that we can finish renovating the bathroom by September. Julio está seguro de que esta lavadora es la mejor que jamás ha tenido. Julio is certain that this washing machine is the best he has ever had.

10 El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emociones y dudas Julio no está seguro de que esta lavadora sea la mejor que jamás ha tenido. Julio is not certain that this washing machine is the best he has ever had. No creo que podamos terminar de terminar de renovar el baño para septiembre. I don’t believe that we can finish renovating the bathroom by September.  If there is doubt, uncertainty, or disbelief about an action or event, and the subject appears uncertain of the facts, the subjunctive is used.

11 3 Estar + el participio pasado

12  In Capítulo 1 you learned that the present perfect tense is a compound tense formed with the present tense of haber (he, has, ha, ect.) + past participle (-ado/ido).  The verb estar may be used with the past participle to describe the result of an action. Las ventanas están cerradas. The windows are closed. (Someone closed the windows.) La puerta estaba cerrada The door was open when I cuando yo llegué. arrived. (Someone opened the door.)  When used with estar, the past participle is an adjective and agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies

13 FIN