1 Venezuela- Review Dominated by dictators in early 20th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez ) Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica (A.D.) Romulo Betancourt , Dependence on oil revenue Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds with U.S.
2 Colombia- Review General Respect for Democratic principles (Liberal/Conservative Parties) Assassination of Leftist Liberal Jorge E. Gaitan in 1948 leads to… “La Violencia” Rojas Pinilla dictatorship 1958 return to democracy Corruptive influence of drug cartels (demand in U.S.) Heavy current U.S. aid to fight drugs
3 Ecuador- Review 25% IndianEcuador has lost over ½ of national territory since independence Personalismo: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra president 5 times: , , , , Democracy: Galo Plaza Military Rule: , 1979 Return to democracy Recent oil prosperity Politics still volatile
4 Peru- Review 45% Indian Early 20th century dictatorship: Augusto P. Leguia , Left wing thought: Mariategui, Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, A.P.R.A. Left Wing military dictatorship: Juan Velasco Alvardo , continued by General Morales 1980 Return to democracy Alan Garcia- A.P.R.A. finally in presidency- repudiates foreign loans- economic disaster Alberto Fujimori uses dictatorial means- Sendero Luminosa defeated Current President: Alejandro Toledo- full blooded Indian
5 Bolivia- Review Indian majority 55%+Most volatile Latin American country= 200+ regime changes Always trying to make up for loss of access to the sea due to the War of the Pacific Chaco War with Paraguay (Bolivia loses) “Tin Barons” Left wing reforms: M.N.R.- Victor Paz Estenssoro , Current democracy still chaotic- Indian majority asserting itself on issue of oil pipeline
6 Chile- Review Chile winner in War of the Pacific (late 19th century)Mineral Wealth Personalismo: Arturo Alessandri Palma, “The Lion of Taracapa” , 1970 Election- Salvador Allende (non-communist Marxist) elected president on his 3rd try with 36.3% of the vote (2 other major candidates) Allende nationalizes U.S. copper and other companies CIA works actively to undermine Allende (Nixon and Kissinger) Augusto Pinochet brutal military dictatorship 1990 return democracy Chilean economy prosperous
7 Argentina- Review 1 Argentine economy #10 in the world in 1900Encouraged immigration, especially from Italy, Western Europe Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo”- Radical Party- middle class, immigrants, , Juan Peron , Military coup, Peron controls G.O.U., Rises to power with support of labor, “descamisados” Influence of Eva Peron (“Evita”)- “Godmother of the poor”
8 Argentina- Review 2 Juan Peron falls shortly after death of Eva- Argentine economy ruined, military takes over in 1955 Peron comes back as President 1973, dies 1974 Peron’s 3rd wife Isabel (“Isabelita”) V.P. becomes president in 1974, ousted by military “Isabelita” is no “Evita” Brutal military rule Army discredited by loss in the Fauklands (Malivinas) War 1982 Democracy returns 1983 Foreign Debt problems Nester Kircher- current president- leftist ally of “Lula” in Brazil and (in a sense) Hugo Chavez in Venezuela rejects IMF rules, seeks independent (from U.S.) f. policy
9 Uruguay- Review Early 20th Century defined by ideas of Jose Batlle y Ordonez , Colorado (Liberal Party) “Swiss System”, Welfare State, Socialism Other major party is Blanco (Conservative) Party Military which had previously stayed out of politics, takes over , excuse is threat of left wing urban guerilla movement- the Tupamaros- but military overstays that crisis Democracy since 1989
10 Paraguay- Review Latin American country in which Indian most integrated into national life 95% mestizo- bi-lingual population- Spanish/Guarani co-official languages Isolated and dictator dominated in 19th century Loses War of Triple Alliance (vs. Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay)- Population reduced from 525,000 to 221,000 (only 28,000 men left!) Beats Bolivia in Chaco War Gen. Alfredo Sroessner dictatorship Democracy since 1989
11 Brazil to 1930- Review Over ½ land mass of South AmericaPortuguese Speaking Empire First Republic Struggle for control between military and civilians Ruy Barbosa founds Civilista party but army rigs elections will not let Barbosa win 1910 Brazil produces 90% of world’s rubber by %- British plantation rubber wins out Coffee increasingly important 75% of world supply by 1900 Low price for coffee hurts Brazil during the Depression 1924 Communist Party emerges under Luis Carlos Prestes- “the Prestes Column” Dictatorship of Getulio Vargas Present Brazilian president “Lula” one of three current “leftist” presidents (along with Kirchner in Argentina and Chavez in Venezuela)
12 Argentina- 6 Dr. Arturo Frondizi 1963-1966Gen. Juan Carlos Ongania Gen. Alejandro Lanusse “The Great National Accord” Lopez Rega Juan Peron Isabel (“Isabelita”) Peron Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri 1982 Faulkland Islands (Malivinas) War Carlos Saul Menem Nester Kirchner
13 Argentina “Noventa” 1890 La Union Civica de la JuventudLeandro N. Alem Estancieros Union Civica Radical Juarez Celman Carlos Pellegrini Portenos Bartolome Mitre Julio A. Roca Luis Saenz Pena Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo” ,
14 Argentina- 2 Juan B. Justo Lisandro de la Torre Radical PartyDemocratic Progressive Party Luis Maria Drago “The Drago Doctrine” Manuel Quintana Figureroa Alcorta Roque Saenz Pena Saenz Pena Law 1912 “Gente Decente” La Prensa La Nacion
15 Argentina- 3 Marcelo T. Alverar 1922-1928 “Personalistas”“Anti- personalistas” Jose F. Uriburu Ezequiel Paz Augustin P. Justo Carlos Saavedra Lamas Chaco War Roberto M. Ortiz Ramon S. Castillo “Rosistas” Enrique Ruiz Guinazu
16 Argentina- 4 “Hispanidad” Accion Argentina La Junta de la VictoriaBishop Miguel de Andrea Rio Conference 1942 Juan Peron , “Peronismo” General Arturo Rawson General Pedro Ramirez Critica Martinez Zuviria “Hugo Vast: Alfredo Palacios
17 Argentina- 5 Cordell Hull Edelmiro Farrell 1944-1946G.O.U. (Grupo de Oficiales Unidos) Maria Eva Duarte (“Evita” Peron) “Descamisados” Nestor Kirchner Eva Peron Foundation Spruille Braden “o Braden o Peron” George Messersmith “Justicialismo” General PedroEugenio Aramburu Arturo Frondizi
18 Uruguay Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1903-1907, 1911-1915Colorado (Liberal) Party Blanco (Conservative) Party “Colegiado” Gabriel Terra Alfredo Baldomir Juan Jose Amezaga Jose Enrique Rodo Ariel 1900 Luis Alberto Herrera Military Rule Tupamaros
19 Paraguay War of the Triple Alliance 1864-1870 Chaco War 1932-1935Alfredo Stroessner Carlos Rodriguez 1989
20 Brazil Empire 1822-1889 First Republic 1889-1930Deodoro da Foseca Floriano Peixoto Ruy Barbosa Prudente Jose de Moraes Barros Canudos Revolt Euclides da Cunha Os Sertoes Baron of Rio Branco Hermes da Fonseca Wenceslau Braz Pereira Epitacio da Silva Pessoa
21 Brazil-2 Arthur da Silva Bernardes 1922-1926 Luis Carlos Prestes(Prestes Column) Washington Luiz Pereira da Souza Getulio Vargas , Labor Party “o pai do povo” Integralistas Plinio Salgado Estado Novo D.I.P. Lourival Fontes Oswaldo Aranha National Democratic Union Eduardo Gomes
22 Brazil Social Democratic Party Eurico Dutra “Queremos Getulio”Adolpf Berle Benjamin Vargas “O Beijo” 2nd Republic Eurico Dutra Getulio Vargas (again) “o pai do povo” Petrobras Juscelino Kubitshek New capital built at Brasilia
23 Brazil Janio Quadros 1961 “a new broom” Joao “Jango” Goulart 1961-1964Military Rule Present President: Ignacio Lula da Silva “Lula”
24 Ecuador Gabriel Garcia Moreno “The Theocratic State” 1860-1895Eloy Alfaro , Carlos Arroyo del Rio Galapagos Islands Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra , , , , “Personalismo” Galo Plaza, Camilo Ponce Enriquez, Carlos Julio Arosemena Guillermo Rodriquez Lara
25 Peru Augusto P. Leguia 1908-1912, 1919-1930Manuel Gonzalez Prada (lived ) Jose Mariategui, Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality Victor Raul Haya de la Torre A.P.R.A. (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana) 1924 Luis Sanchez Cerro Oscar Benavides Manuel Prado , Jose Luis Bustamonte
26 Peru- 2 Manuel Odria Fernando Belaunde Terry , Juan Velasco Alvarado Francisco Morales Bermudez Alan Garcia Sendero Luminoso (Abimael Guzman) Mario Vargas Llosa Alberto Fujimori Alejandro Toledo
27 Bolivia Chaco War 1932-1935 “Tin Barons” (Patino, Hochschild, Aramayo)David Toro German Busch Enrique Penaranda Catavi Massacre 1942 M.N.R. (Movimiento Revolucionaria Nacional) Victor Paz Estenssoro , Grialberto Villaroel The National Revolution Rene Barrientos Ernesto “Che” Guevara (died 1967) Juan Jose Torres
28 Bolivia- 2 Hugo Banzer 1971-1978 Luis Garcia Meza 1980-1982Klaus Barbie
29 Chile Juan Luis Sanfuentes 1915-1920Arturo Alessandri Palma “The Lion of Tarapaca” , 1925, Carlos Ibanez Marmaduke Grove Gustavo Ross Pedro Aguirre Cerda Juan Antonio Rios Gabriel Gonzalez Videla Pablo Neruda Jorge Alessandri
30 Chile- 2 F.R.A.P. (Frente de Accion Popular), U.P. (Unidad Popular)Salvador Allende Eduardo Frei Radomiro Tomic 1970 Election: Allende % Allesandri 34.9% Tomic % General Augusto Pinochet
31 SOUTH AMERICA VENEZUELA: Cipriano Castro 1899-1908Juan Vicente Gomez Eleazar Lopez Contreras Isaias Medina Angarita Accion Democratica (AD.) Junta Romulo Betancourt , Romulo Gallegas 1948 Dona Barbara Coup Marcos Perez Jimenez Raul Leoni
32 Venezuela 2 Rafael Caldera 1969-1974, 1994-2000Carlos Andres Perez , Luis Herrera Campins Jaime Lusinchi Hugo Chavez
33 Colombia Rafael Reyes 1904-1909 Enrique Olaya Herrera 1930-1934Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo , Alberto Lleras Camargo Mariano Ospina Perez Laureano Gomez Jorge Eliecer Gaitan “La Violencia” Gustavo Rojas Pinilla The National Front Alfonso Lopez Michelson Cesar Turbay Azola
34 Colombia 2 Belisario Betancur 1982-1986 Union Patriotica 1986Virgilio Barco Cesar Gaviria Trujillo Ernesto Samper Pizano Andres Pastrana Arango Alvaro Uribe Velez 2002- F.A.R.C. M19 Pablo Escobar
35 Central America Guatemala: Manuel Estrada Cabrera 1898-1920United Fruit Company Jorge Ubico Juan Jose Arevalo Jacobo Arbenz Agrarian Law of 1952 Carlos Castillo Armas Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes 1958 Belize Col. Enrique Peralta Azurdia 1963 Efrian Rios Mott 1982 Rigoberta Menchu Oscar Berger 2004-
36 Honduras: Tiburcio Carias Andino 1932-1948 Ricardo Maduro 2002-Manuel Galvez Dr. Ramon Villeda Morales Osvaldo Lopez Arellan The “Soccer War” 1969 Ricardo Maduro 2002-
37 El Salvador The “14 Families” PersonalismoMaximiliano Hernandez Martinez Augustin Farabundo Marti F.M.L.N. P.R.U.D. 1948 Christian Democratic Party Jose Napoleon Duarte A.R.E.N.A. Party Alfredo Christiani Roberto D’abussion Armando Calderon Sol Antonio Saca 2004
38 Nicaragua Jose Santos Zelayas 1893-1909 Thomas G. Dawson Adolfo Diaz“Dollar Imperialism” Bryan-Chamorro Treaty 1916 Juan B. Sacasa Augusto Cesar Sandino Jose Maria Moncada Somoza “Dynasty” Anastasio Somoza (“Tacho”) Luis Somoza Anastasio Somoza Debayle (“Tachito”) 1974
39 Nicaragua- 2 Rene Gutierrez Schick 1963“Sandinistas” La Prensa Pedro Jaoquin Chamorro “Contras” Oliver North Daniel Ortega Violetta Barrios de Chamorro Ruben Dario
40 Costa Rica Frederico A. Tinoco 1917 Rafeal Angel Calderon GuardiaOtilio Ulate Jose “Pepe” Figueras P.L.N. 1952 O.A.S (Organization of American States) Mario Echandi Francisco Orlich Jose Joaquin Trejos
41 Panama Theodore Roosevelt Hay-Pouncefote Treaty Hay-Herran TreatyPhillipe Baneau-Varilla Hay-Baneau Varilla Treaty Arnulfo Arias Robert Chiari 1960 Omar Torrijos Herrera Manuel Noriega Guillermo Endara 1984 Ernesto Perez Balladares
42 The Caribbean Haiti: Creole Vodun (Voodoo) William Jennings BryanRoger L. Farnham Jean Villaban Guillaume Sam Dr. Rosolvo Bobo Phillipe Sudre Dartiguenave Admiral Caperton Col. Littleton W.T. Waller “Cacao Armies” Gendarmerie d’Haiti Smedley D. Butler Ecole Militaire 1928 Corvee System Charlemange Peralte General John H. Russell Louis Borno
43 Haiti Union Patriotique Port au Prince Stenio Vicent 1930-1941Negritude Mulatto Elie Lescot Dumarsias Estime Col. Paul Magliore Port au Prince “The Elite” Francois Duvalier “Papa Doc” Tontons Macoutes “Bogeymen” Baron Samedi Jean Claude Duvalier “Baby Doc” Jean Bertrand Aristide
44 Dominican Republic Personalismo Juan Bosch “Roosevelt Corollary”Fabio Fiallo Sumner Wells Horacio Vasquez Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina Juan Bosch Jaoquin Balaguer ,
45 Cuba Platt Amendment 1902 Tomas Estrada Palma 1902-1906Charles Magoon Jose Miguel Gomez 1909 Gerardo Machado Porristas A.B.C Sumner Wells Carlos Manuel de Cespedes “Sargents Revolt” Fulgenio Batista , Grau San Martin Carlos Prio Socarrias Moncado Barracks Attack 7/26/53 Fidel Castro 1959-? Raul Castro Ernesto “Che” Guevara
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