1 VOLCANOES Chapter pages

2 K-W-L What do I know about volcanoes?What do I want to know about volcanoes? What did I learn about volcanoes?

3 Volcano Thoughts… Do you agree or disagree? Write A or D.Some deep, underground rocks are so hot that a drop in pressure can cause them to form magma. Deep in Earth's interior, most of Earth's mantle is molten, liquid magma. Magma is forced quickly toward Earth's surface because it is more dense than the rock around it. Most volcanic eruptions occur near plate boundaries or locations called hot spots. Magma that is deep underground can contain water vapor and other gases. Water vapor in magma usually produces volcanoes that erupt quietly with lava that flows smoothly. Some volcanoes can form without lava flows. Most of the magma that forms underground never reaches Earth's surface to form volcanoes. When a volcano stops erupting, the magma inside the vent sinks deep into the Earth, forming a bottomless pit.

4 Volcano Introduction Movie

5 Pompeii Reader’s Theatre: Buried Alive

6 Pompeii Picture of Ancient Pompeii Prior to Volcanic Eruption: Real Pictures to Show of Pompeii Uncovered:

7 What did we learn about volcanoes from the eruption in Pompeii of MtWhat did we learn about volcanoes from the eruption in Pompeii of Mt. Vesuvius?

8 Mount Vesuvius Eruption

9 Pompeii video

10 On your own… Read Pliny’s letterRead page 352 in your textbook about Herculaneum Read worksheet “Buried Alive” Answer the questions in the packet

11 Review Vocabulary What is lava? What is magma? What is a volcano?

12 An opening in the Earth that allows lava, ash, and gases to escape the earth’s crustWhat is a volcano?

13 What is the difference between a mountain and a volcano?A mountain is built by two plates at a convergent boundary. A volcano is built through the build up of molten lava cooling and hardening.

14 PARTS OF A VOLCANO

15 Magma Chamber a large pocket underground full of magmausually about 5 miles under the surface of the earth it is where lava comes from

16 Lava comes from the magma chamber when a volcano eruptsmagma that has reached the earth’s surface it is over 1000 degrees hot it turns into igneous rock

17 aa – flows slowly and chunky

18 pahoehoe – fluid and rope like

19 pillow lava – pillow shaped lumps most common

20 Gas and Ash made of millions of tiny fragments of rock and glass formed during a volcanic eruption less than 2 mm in size causes damage because ash can be carried great distances throughout the atmosphere it has a cooling effect on the weather because it remains in the sky and reduces sunlight gas is released from the magma chamber

21 Vent the opening in the volcano where lava escapesusually found as a hole at the top of the volcano can also be found as cracks along the side

22 Crater as lava flows out, it quickly cools and forms layers of rock around the vent the steeped walled depression around a vent

23 pyroclastic flow – ash and cinders

24

25 Side vent Lava Central Vent Crater Ash and gases CrustUsing page 332 in your textbook and the diagram to draw in your science notebook a volcano with the following parts labeled: Side vent Lava Central Vent Crater Ash and gases Crust Magma chamber Mantle

26 Mini Lab: Modeling Magma Movement clear plastic cup olive oil water eye dropper lab report sheet

27 How do volcanoes form? Heat and pressure cause rock to melt Magma is less dense than the surrounding rock, so it is forced upward The magma either flows out of the volcano, or it explodes out Magma hardens as it cools, forming layers of rock

28 Where do volcanoes occur?

29 6P Predictions 6B Predictions In water All over the world The oceanNEAR THE EQUATOR HOT SPOTS ON EARTH UNDER THE SEA UNDER THE EARTH’S SURFACE WHERE PLATES MOVE WARM CLIMATES HAWAII WHERE VOLCANOES HAVE ALREADY OCCURRED ITALY POMPEII NEAR MOUNTAINS 6B Predictions In water All over the world The ocean Under the earth(inside) Where earthquakes happen On fault lines Where plates smash Hawaii Where there are mountains Warm climates Cool climates

30 LAB: Plotting VolcanoesLongitude lines: Run north to south/up and down Latitude lines: Run east to west/left to right

31 Check out this website…

32 Ring of Fire large series of volcanoes (some active) encircling the Pacific Ocean are referred to as being part of the Ring of Fire notorious for frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The Ring of Fire coincides with the edges of one of the world's main tectonic plates, (the Pacific Plate) contains over 450 volcanoes and is home to approximately 75% of the world's active volcanoes. Nearly 90% of the world's earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire Mr. Parr’s Volcano Song Video on ring of fire

33 Where do volcanoes occur?Divergent plate boundaries: Two plates move apart The mid-Atlantic ridge Plates separate, cracks called rifts form, and lava flows from the cracks Surtsey – 1963 new island was formed

34 Where do volcanoes occur?Convergent Plate Boundaries: Two plates move together Oceanic plate under continental plate Oceanic plate under oceanic plate Magma forms when the plate sliding below another gets deep enough and hot enough to melt partially causing the magma to rise

35 Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat

36 Where do volcanoes form?hot spots magma rises up through the crust in the middle of a plate the hot spot remains in one spot while the plate continues to move over it the result is a trail of volcanoes is left behind with older volcanoes moving away from the hot spot and newer ones forming over top of the hot spot

37 Hawaiian Islands https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap3-Plate-Margins/Mid-plate/Hawaiian-Islands

38 Famous Volcanoes

39 1. Mount Fuji, Japan This volcano is created where the Philippines Plate is subducted under the Eurasian Plate. Last eruption was 1708.

40 2. Mauna Loa, Hawaii The world’s largest and one of its most active volcanoes on the Big Island of Hawaii.

41 3. Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonErupted in 1980 ask your parents, most will remember this!

42 4. Paricutin, Mexico Begin in 1943 and continued to Cone grew 1100 feet in one year! Began in a farmer’s field with a crack in the earth.

43 5. Cerro Negro, Nicaragua April 1850 and very active; last eruption was 1999

44 6. Mount Vesuvius, Italy The explosion of this volcano in 79 AD was so great that is destroyed all the civilizations around it.

45 7. Olympus Mons, Mars This volcano, while the tallest volcano in the universe, is very flat and sits above a hot spot (Mars doesn’t have tectonic plates).

46 8. Krakatoa, Indonesia The 1883 explosion of this volcano was so big that it could be heard 3,000 miles away. That’s like being able to hear a volcano that exploded in New York City all the way in Oakland.

47 Volcano Eruption Typesactive – currently erupting or shows signs of unrest such as earthquake activity or gas discharged; it is also a volcano that is not currently erupting but has in the recent past; Kileaua in Hawaii dormant – called “sleeping” volcanoes because they are inactive, but could erupt again; Cascade mountain range along the west side of North America extinct – not presently erupting and is unlikely to do so for a very long time in the future; Crater Lake in Oregon

48 current volcanic eruption IndonesiaFebruary 2014

49 2000 meter plume

50 15,000 evacuated from 17 villages

51 Erupting since September 2013active in 2010 after being dormant for 400 years

52 Ash covers villages up to 70 km away

53 1 of 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia; part of the Pacific Ring of Fire

54 current volcanic eruption Chaparrastique, El SalvadorDecember 2013 first eruption in 37 years ash and gas 5 km high

55 current volcanic activity Costa RicaFebruary 2014 300 m plume largest so far in 2014

56 Alaska – Pavlof VolcanoAsh plume 37,000 feet high Trailing 400 miles away

57 Indonesia Mount Sinabung Volcano

58 see chart on page 342 in textbook section two – pages 336-339Guiding Questions: what makes them erupt explosively or quietly? how does magma content affect eruptions – silica and gases? what are the three forms/types of volcanoes? big project – pick a volcano

59 Magma Viscosity the “gooeyness” or resistance to flow of magma

60 Viscosity Lab ketchup water vegetable oil syrup mL cups/dropslab report packet

61 Viscosity Matchbook Use pages 336-339 to help youYou may also use any internet website to help also

62 Let’s Review ViscosityThe “gooeyness” of a liquid The fluidity of a liquid The resistance of a liquid to flow

63 Quiet Eruptions Basaltic magma low in silica Fluidproduces quiet non-explosive eruptions Kilauea water

64 Explosive Eruptions Granitic magma silica rich Thickgas gets trapped inside, pressure builds up produces explosive eruption Soufriere Hills honey

65 Other explosive: Andesitic magma higher silica content than graniticerupt more violently than granitic magma Krakatau

66 Fissures: A crack in the earth’s crust where lava erupts

67 Three Forms of VolcanoesSHIELD CINDERCONE COMPOSITE or STRATOVOLCANO

68 SHIELD

69 Quiet volcano Lava flows Basaltic lava Broad volcano with gently sloping sides Fissures Hawaiian volcanoes

70 CINDER CONE

71 Explosive volcano Tephra thrown into air – tephra bits of rock or solid lava Granitic lava Steep sided and loosely packed Paricutin

72 tephra Volcanic cinders Volcanic ash Volcanic bombs Volcanic blocks

73 COMPOSITE

74 Stratovolcano is another nameVaries between quiet and violent eruptions Explosive period erupts gas and ash forming a tephra layer Quieter period erupts lava over the tephra layer

75 Virtual Volcano Building volcanoes packet Laptops!

76 Volcano Skits

77 Types of Rock Features from VolcanoesBatholith Sills Dikes Volcanic neck Calderas

78 Batholith Largest intrusive rock bodyHundreds of kilometers wide and long; several km thick Magma cools and hardens before reaching surface

79 Sills Intrusive rock Magma is forced into a crack parallel to rock layers and hardens

80 Dikes Intrusive rock Magma is forced into a crack that cuts across rock layers and hardens

81 Volcanic Necks Volcano stops erupting and the magma hardens inside the vent Erosion wears away the volcano The inside (core) is left as a volcanic neck

82 Calderas Magma chamber empties The top of a volcano collapsesA large depression is formed Water fills it and creates a lake

83 What are the benefits of volcanoes?Valuable elements such as silver, gold, sulfur, zinc and copper are found in magma; the elements form minerals and miners discover them

84 Renewable energy sourceMagma heats underground water and that produces heat and electricity that is clean and renewable Renewable energy source

85 Recreation

86 Preserves history Pompeii/HerculaneumNebraska – fossils of animals buried in ash

87 Java, Indonesia Has active volcanoesHave grown rice in the same plot for centuries Ash helps renew the soil

88 Cooking eggs in the steam of a hot spring in Beppu, Japan

89 Ol Doinyo Lengai – African volcano Ash turns into sodium bicarbonate – baking soda ingredient; wind carries the ash from Tanzania to Kenya where it is mined.

90 Underwater volcano vents1.5 miles beneath the surface of the ocean 12 foot worms collect around the vents of volcanoes

91 Silversword plants grow only on the volcanic islands of Maui and Hawaii. It is an endangered species.

92 Bison gather around the hotsprings of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. A magma chamber beneath Yellowstone heats its hotsprings.

93 Build islands

94 My personal favorite… …chocolate!Chocolate comes from plants that grow best in volcanic soil!

95 Negative Effects of Volcanoes

96 Play Review Game Under my documents “Volcano Review Game”

97 Let’s review our chapter concepts:Some deep, underground rocks are so hot that a drop in pressure can cause them to form magma. Deep in Earth's interior, most of Earth's mantle is molten, liquid magma. Magma is forced quickly toward Earth's surface because it is more dense than the rock around it. Most volcanic eruptions occur near plate boundaries or locations called hot spots. Magma that is deep underground can contain water vapor and other gases. Water vapor in magma usually produces volcanoes that erupt quietly with lava that flows smoothly. Some volcanoes can form without lava flows. Most of the magma that forms underground never reaches Earth's surface to form volcanoes. When a volcano stops erupting, the magma inside the vent sinks deep into the Earth, forming a bottomless pit. Let’s review our chapter concepts:

98 K-W-L What do I know about volcanoes?What do I want to know about volcanoes? What did I learn about volcanoes?

99 Show the united streaming video

100 http://mail. colonial. net/~hkaiter/volcanoesthreereally good website