1 When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.
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3 Shield volcanoes are made of thousands of thin basalt lava flowsShield volcanoes are made of thousands of thin basalt lava flows. Because the lava has a relatively low viscosity (low resistance to flow) the lava can travel far from the vent, the location where the lava reaches the surface. The resulting volcanic landform has a broad base and very gentle slopes, much like a warrior's inverted shield. Eruptions at shield volcanoes are only explosive if water somehow gets into the vent, otherwise they are characterized by low-explosive fountaining that forms cinder cones and spatter cones at the vent. In a shield volcano, 90% of the volcano is lava rather than pyroclastic material. Due to high magma supply rates, the lava is hot and changes very little after it is generated. A common product of hotspot volcanism, shield volcanoes can also be found along subduction-related volcanic arcs or all by themselves. The Big Island of Hawaii is composed of five coalesced volcanoes of successively younger ages, with the older ones apparently extinct. Mauna Loa, one of the main volcanoes on the Big Island, has a higher elevation than any mountain on Earth: 30,000 feet from the floor of the ocean to its highest peak.
4 Lava domes result from the slow extrusion of highly viscous silica-rich magma. Most domes are rather small, but can exceed 6 cubic miles in volume. Extrusions from the dome may end up as rather slow-moving lava, but many begin explosively, forming explosion pits blanketed by pyroclastic debris. A dome has been growing slowly within the crater of Mount St. Helens since its eruption in 1980 St Helens in the Rocky Mountains, 2004
5 Mount St. Helens Lava Dome Growthfrom 2004 to Awesome video!!
6 Calderas are circular to oblong depressions formed by the collapse along curved fractures associated with the extrusion of pyroclastic materials. The frequency of such voluminous eruptions is very low, with volumes of 119 cubic miles having a frequency of about 100,000 years. The area of caldera collapse is proportional to the volume of erupted material.
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11 FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT: GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n1Leyenda: 1- Calizas con Calceola. 2- Pizarras con Calamites. 3- Pizarras bituminosas. 4- Cuarcitas con pistas de Trilobites. 5- Arenas y arcillas con Dinosaurios. 6- Conglomerados del Jurásico terminal.
12 3.(Paleozoic before Devonian 1.Devonian 2.Carboniferous/Permian Leyenda: 1- Calizas con Calceola. 2- Pizarras con Calamites. 3- Pizarras bituminosas. 4- Cuarcitas con pistas de Trilobites. 5- Arenas y arcillas con Dinosaurios. 6- Conglomerados del Jurásico terminal. Erosion 2 Carboniferous /Permian Jurassic Erosion 1 Devonian Normal fault Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 3.(Paleozoic before Devonian 1.Devonian 2.Carboniferous/Permian 6.Jurassic 5. (Mesozoic) Orogeny Permian before Jurassic caused folds Older Younger normal fault before Jurassic Erosion Erosion1 after2 before6 Erosion2 after5
13 3.(Paleozoic before Devonian 1.Devonian 2.Carboniferous/Permian Leyenda: 1- Calizas con Calceola. 2- Pizarras con Calamites. 3- Pizarras bituminosas. 4- Cuarcitas con pistas de Trilobites. 5- Arenas y arcillas con Dinosaurios. 6- Conglomerados del Jurásico terminal. Erosion 2 Carboniferous /Permian Jurassic Erosion 1 Devonian Normal fault Starting point Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 3.(Paleozoic before Devonian 1.Devonian 2.Carboniferous/Permian 6.Jurassic 5.(Mesozoic) Orogeny Permian before Jurassic caused folds Older Younger normal fault when relaxation before Jurassic Erosion Erosion1 before6 Erosion2 after5
14 FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT: GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n2Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomías con Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica. 6- Conglomerados del Pérmico.
15 Erosion 1 before normal fault4ºmagmatic dique after Permian 3ºPermian Erosion 1 before normal fault Erosion 2 2ºCarboniferous /Permian 1ºCarboniferous /Permian Normal fault Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomías con Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica. 6- Conglomerados del Pérmico.
16 Erosion 1 before normal fault4ºmagmatic dique after Permian 3ºPermian Erosion 1 before normal fault Erosion 2 2ºCarboniferous /Permian 1ºCarboniferous /Permian Normal fault Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomías con Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica. 6- Conglomerados del Pérmico. Volcanic and metamorphic 4.after Permian before Quaternary “ “ “ “ Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 3.Carboniferous/Permian 1.Carboniferous/Permian 6.Permian 5.Cuaternary folds before Permian rock 6 normal fault Older Younger Erosion Erosion 1 Erosion 2
17 Erosion 1 before normal fault4ºmagmatic dique after Permian 3ºPermian Erosion 1 before normal fault Erosion 2 2ºCarboniferous /Permian 1ºCarboniferous /Permian Normal fault Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomías con Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica. 6- Conglomerados del Pérmico. Volcanic and metamorphic 4.after Permian before Quaternary “ “ “ “ Starting point Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 3.Carboniferous/Permian 1.Carboniferous/Permian 6.Permian 5.Cuaternary Orogeny before Permian rock 6 -late Carboniferous-early Permian- caused folds and reverse fault Older Younger normal fault when divergent stresses Erosion Uplift, emersion and erosion 1 Erosion 2
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20 FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT: GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n3Leyenda: 1- Gneises precámbricos. 2- Calizas con Fusulina. 3- Conglomerados y arenas con restos de flora pérmica. 4- Andesitas. 5- Arenas con pisadas de Dinosaurios. 6- Calizas con Hildoceras.
21 2.Carboniferous/Permian 3.Permian 5.Trias/Juras 6.Jurassic Erosion 1 Volcanic rock Erosion 2 Permian Folds2 Jurassic Mesozoic Trias/Jur Folds1 Carboniferous /Permian Normal fault Precambrian Leyenda: 1- Gneises precámbricos. 2- Calizas con Fusulina. 3- Conglomerados y arenas con restos de flora pérmica. 4- Andesitas. 5- Arenas con pisadas de Dinosaurios. 6- Calizas con Hildoceras. Volcanic 4.after erosion2 Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 1.Precambrian 2.Carboniferous/Permian 3.Permian 5.Trias/Juras 6.Jurassic Folds1 after3 before5 and erosion1 Folds2 after6 before erosion2 Older Younger normal fault before erosion2 Erosion Erosion 1 after folds1 before5 Erosion 2 after folds2 before rock4
22 2.Carboniferous/Permian 3.Permian 5.Trias/Juras 6.Jurassic Erosion 1 Volcanic rock Erosion 2 Permian Folds2 Jurassic Mesozoic Trias/Jur Folds1 Carboniferous /Permian Normal fault Precambrian Leyenda: 1- Gneises precámbricos. 2- Calizas con Fusulina. 3- Conglomerados y arenas con restos de flora pérmica. 4- Andesitas. 5- Arenas con pisadas de Dinosaurios. 6- Calizas con Hildoceras. Volcanic 4.after erosion2 Starting point Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 1.Precambrian 2.Carboniferous/Permian 3.Permian 5.Trias/Juras 6.Jurassic Folds1 after3 before5 and erosion1 Folds2 after6 before erosion2 Older Younger normal fault before erosion2 Erosion Erosion 1 after folds1 before5 Erosion 2 after folds2 before rock4
23 FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT: GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n4Leyenda: 1- Calizas y arcillas caolínicas del Neógeno inferior. 2- Arenas silíceas. 3- Conglomerados con restos de Dinosaurios terminales. 4- Calizas con Hildoceras. 5- Gneises paleozoicos. 6- Gravas.
24 3.Mesozoic Juras-Cretaceous 2. 1.Neogene (late Tertiry) 6.Recent times Leyenda: 1- Calizas y arcillas caolínicas del Neógeno inferior. 2- Arenas silíceas. 3- Conglomerados con restos de Dinosaurios terminales. 4- Calizas con Hildoceras. 5- Gneises paleozoicos. 6- Gravas. Late Tertiary Erosion 2 Erosion 1 Mesozoic Jurassic Paleozoic Reverse faults Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 5.Paleozoic 4.Jurassic 3.Mesozoic Juras-Cretaceous 2. 1.Neogene (late Tertiry) 6.Recent times Orogeny after3 before2 caused folds Reverse faults after3 before2 -the same compressional stresses as for the folds- Older Younger Erosion Erosion1 after3 before2 Erosion2 after1 before6
25 3.Mesozoic Juras-Cretaceous 2. 1.Neogene (late Tertiry) 6.Recent times Leyenda: 1- Calizas y arcillas caolínicas del Neógeno inferior. 2- Arenas silíceas. 3- Conglomerados con restos de Dinosaurios terminales. 4- Calizas con Hildoceras. 5- Gneises paleozoicos. 6- Gravas. Late Tertiary Erosion 2 Erosion 1 Mesozoic Jurassic Paleozoic Reverse faults Starting point Rocks Rock deformation Sedimentary 5.Paleozoic 4.Jurassic 3.Mesozoic Juras-Cretaceous 2. 1.Neogene (late Tertiry) 6.Recent times Orogeny after3 before2 caused folds Reverse faults after3 before2 -the same compressional stresses as for the folds- Older Younger Erosion Erosion1 after3 before2 Erosion2 after1 before6
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