1 Your text here In The Name Of God

2 Authors: Farzaneh poloyan Mutation in microorganisms

3 contents Mutations Recombinant bacteria plasmid

4 mutation

5 Max-Delbruck

6 Point mutation Nonsense mutation Missense mutation Silent mutation

7 Nonsense mutation

8 Missense mutation

9 Silent mutation

10 Max delbruck experiment

11 Mutations in bacteria can cause five types of phenotypic changes Auxotroph prototroph Fgfhfghlosing or gaining the power of using other nutrients

12 Recombinant bacteria

13 1.Transformation 2.Transduction 3.conjugation

14 transformation Some mammals

15 Griffith experiment

16 Avery experiment

17 And…

18 What conditions are necessary for transformation action? 1.The size of the DNA fragment 2.Concentration DNA 3.Cell competence

19 And…

20 transformation

21 transduction Generalized transduction Specialized transduction

22 Generalized transduction

23 Specialized transduction

24 plasmid

25 Plasmid replication

26 Plasmid

27 Bacterial Plasmid

28 Yeast Plasmid 1.Yeast integrating plasmid 2.Yeast replicating plasmid

29 Ti Plasmid

30 Type of plasmids by their ability to transfer to other bacteria 1.Conjugative plasmids 2.Non-conjugative plasmids

31 Types of plasmids by their function 1.F ertility plasmids(F plasmid) 2.Resistance plasmids (R plasmid) 3.Col plasmids 4.Degradative plasmids 5.Virulence plasmids

32 conjugation

33

34 Thank you for your attention