1 Your Water World The primary audience for this course is elementary school students from 4th grade to 6th grade Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

2 Purpose Help you understand where your water comes fromThis lesson is important because it will: Help you understand where your water comes from Explain why water is a valuable natural resource Show you how water utilities keep your drinking water safe Give examples of things you can do to save water Why should the audience pay attention to this lesson? Students should recognize that water is a vital resource that is essential for all survival.  Children at the 4th – 6th grade elementary school level know that water is important, but are often unaware of how much water we use, how much water we need to survive, how public utilities manage water resources, or how they ensure that it is safe for us to drink and use. They also hear a great deal about water conservation, but may not understand how to apply conservation methods at the individual level. This course: Summarizes the importance of water for human survival Discusses the need to replenish your body’s water reserves Explains how to calculate the amount of water needed daily by the human body (based on one’s weight) Reviews the economic value of drinking water compared to other fluids Explains how water is recycled through our environment and how water utilities manage source water to ensure its safety Identifies how we access and utilize our natural water resources and how we can conserve water for the future.  With this knowledge, 4th – 6th grade students will become more informed consumers and will have a greater appreciation of how water works.  Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

3 Learning Objectives As a result of this lesson, you will be able to:Discuss water’s journey from its home to yours Figure out how much water you should drink, daily Explain why its better to drink water than soda or other fluids Describe how water utilities keep your water safe Find ways to save water in your home and neighborhood This lesson will: Help you understand how water in nature gets from its source to your home Estimate the amount of water your body needs each day in order to replenish what it loses from your normal activity Defend reasons for drinking water from your faucet instead of soda or other fluids that some people might think tastes better Recognize and appreciate the work that water utilities do to make water safe for you to drink and use Identify ways to save water each day in your own environment Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

4 Agenda 0:00 - 0:02 – Introduction0:03 - 0:18 – Lesson 1: Water Consumption – The Water You Drink 0:19 - 0:34 – Lesson 2: Water Systems – How You Get Your Water 0:35 - 0:50 – Lesson 3: Water Conservation – Becoming a Friend to Water 0:51 - 0:58 - Summary and Q & A 0:59 - 0:60 – Thank you, additional resources and information Instructors should review the agenda to give the audience a roadmap for the lesson. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

5 Lesson One: Water Consumption - The Water You DrinkThis lesson is called, “Water Consumption – The Water You Drink” and will discuss: Why water is important to humans and other living things The amount of water humans should drink on a daily basis (just to replace the water the body loses through normal activity) The cost of drinking water from your faucet compared to the cost of other fluids that you might drink, and why tap water is a great bargain When you are done with this lesson, you will have a better understanding of why water is so important to keep your body healthy, and how much water you need to survive, Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

6 Do You Know…???? How long can humans live without water?We can live 30+ days without food, but only 4-7 days without water How much of the human body is made of water? The human body is about 60% water How much water should humans drink each day? DISCUSSION When slide appears, there are 3 questions about water and the human body. Ask students to guess an answer to each question. Proceed as follows: Click after discussing 1st question to trigger the answer: Humans can live over a month without food, depending on conditions, but we can only live about 4-7 days without water Discuss 2nd question and students’ guesses Click after discussing 2nd question to trigger the answer: The human body is about 60% water Discuss 3rd question and students’ guesses Click after discussing 3rd question: In general, most of us should drink 6-8 glasses of water each day to replace the water we lose from normal activity We must drink at least 6-8 glasses of water each day Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

7 How Much Water Should Kids Drink?Factors affecting how much water kids should drink: Age Height & weight Activity level Climate type DISCUSSION Everyone needs to drink different amounts of water. How much water each person should drink depends on things like his or her: Age – as kids get older they need to drink more water. For example, in general, boys and girls 4 to 8 years old need to drink about 5 cups of water a day; kids 9 to 13 years old usually need about 7-8 cups of water a day; kids who are 14 to 18 years old need between 8 and 11 cups of water a day. Height and weight – In general, kids who are heavier and/or taller than average for their age need more water Activity level – When you exercise or participate in sports you need to drink more water just to replace the water your body has lost Climate – If you live in a dry climate, you need to drink more water than someone just like you who lives in a place that is very wet. For example, Colorado has a dry climate and Washington State has a very wet climate. So someone in Colorado would need more water than someone in Washington. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

8 How Can We Get the Water We Need?Cucumber Tomato Apple Banana One slice of cheese pizza Chicken nuggets One slice of bread French fries Buttered popcorn Potato chips Cucumber - 97% water Tomato - 95% water Apple - 80% water Banana - 75% water Slice of cheese pizza - 47% water Chicken nuggets - 47% water One slice of bread - 37% water French fries - 35% water Buttered popcorn - 5% water Potato chips - 1% water You saw in an earlier slide that, in general, people usually need at least 6-8 glasses of water a day. But you can get your water from sources besides just your faucet. Some of the water we need comes from the foods we eat. Here’s a list of ten common foods you might eat. Can you guess how much water is in each of these foods? Here’s a hint: These foods are listed in order from the most, to the least amount of water content. For example, a cucumber has a lot more water than French fries. So let’s start with a cucumber…. (NOTE TO TEACHER: Click mouse to trigger percentage of water in a cucumber – upon click, the percent will appear on the right-hand side of the slide). So if a cucumber is 97% water, how much water do you think might be in a tomato? Remember – the foods on this list appear in order from foods with the MOST water content to the least. (NOTE TO TEACHER: After students guess about how much water is in a tomato, click mouse to trigger the answer – upon click, the percent of water in a tomato will appear on the right- hand side of the slide). A tomato is 95% water. How many of you thought that the water content of a tomato was that high? What about an apple? How much water do you think an apple has, in percent? (NOTE TO TEACHER: After students guess about how much water is in an apple, click mouse to trigger the answer – upon click, the percent of water in an apple will appear on the right- hand side of the slide). Did anyone guess that an apple was about 80% water? If an apple is 80% water, how much water do you think a banana has? (NOTE TO TEACHER: After students guess about how much water is in a banana, click mouse to trigger the answer – upon click, the percent of water in a banana will appear on the right- hand side of the slide). So let’s look at the first four foods on this list. What do they all have in common? (ANSWER should be along the lines of “they are all fresh fruits and vegetables”). You can see that these first four foods are either a fresh fruit or a vegetable. What do you notice about the water content of these fresh fruits and vegetables? (ANSWER should be along the lines of “they all have a lot of water in them”). On this slide, you’ll notice that fresh fruits and vegetables have a lot of water in them. But now we’re going to try to guess how much water is in the rest of these foods. Before we do that though, what do you notice about the foods in #5 through #10? What do they all have in common? (ANSWER should be something like, “they’re all cooked and/or processed foods” or “they’re not fresh foods like the fruits and vegetables” etc.) Here’s a hint to help you figure out how much water is in the rest of these foods. Remember that we said that all of these remaining foods are either cooked and/or processed, and they’re not fresh like the fruits and vegetables on this list? Well, here’s your hint to try to guess the water content in the foods in #5 through #10 -- Fresh fruits and vegetables have a lot more water in them than cooked or processed foods. So who wants to guess how much water is in one slice of cheese pizza? (NOTE TO TEACHER: After students guess about how much water is in a slice of cheese pizza, click mouse to trigger the answer – upon click, the percent of water in a slice of cheese pizza will appear on the right-hand side of the slide). Lets guess the water content of all of the other foods on this slide. Remember that the foods are listed here in order from most water content to least. What about chicken nuggets? (NOTE TO TEACHER: After students guess about how much water is in chicken nuggets, click mouse to trigger the answer – upon click, the percent of water in chicken nuggets will appear on the right-hand side of the slide). Chicken nuggets have as much water in them as one slice of cheese pizza – 47% There are only four more foods listed here. What do you think the water content is for each of these foods? (NOTE TO TEACHER: After students guess about how much water is in each remaining food on the list, click mouse to trigger the answer – upon click, the percent of water for that food will appear on the right-hand side of the slide). Look at this – Potato chips have on ONE percent water in them! So looking at this list, what can you say are the best types of foods to eat in order to get the water you need? (ANSWER will be “fresh fruits and vegetables” or “foods that aren’t cooked and/or processed” etc.) Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

9 How Many 8 ounce Cups of Water are in Your Body?How much do you weigh in pounds? I weigh “X” pounds What is 60% of that? “X” pounds x 60% = ? pounds of water There are approximately 8 pounds in a gallon; divide #2 answer by 8 ? pounds ÷ 8 = ?? gallons of water Multiply #3 answer by 16 (there are 16 cups in a gallon) ?? gallons x 16 cups = ??? cups of water in your body TEACHERS NOTE REGARDING THIS EXERCISE: You should lead these calculations for the group. But first, make it clear to the students that the calculations, themselves, are not important per se….the important point is for each student to understand how much water might be in h/her own body. STATEMENT TO STUDENTS PRIOR TO STARTING EXERCISE: There’s an easy way to tell how many cups of water are in your body and we’ll figure that out together in a second. But why should you even care? Well, its good to know how many cups of water are in your body, because that gives you an idea of how to keep your body’s water content at a good level each day. Once you figure out how many cups of water are in your body though, you don’t need to drink that exact amount of water each and every day – its just that knowing how many cups of water are in your body will give you a better understanding of how important it is to keep your body consistently hydrated over time. So now let’s figure out the numbers for our own bodies. NOTE TO TEACHER: Click once to trigger the question, “How much do you weigh in pounds?” Ask students to raise their hands if they want to share their weight. Pick two students: one boy and one girl and write h/her name on the board, along with the figure they give you. NOTE TO TEACHER: Click once to trigger the question, “What is 60% of that?” Now take the weight of the boy and the weight of the girl written on the board and do the math in #2 (60% of the boy’s weight and 60% of the girl’s weight) – write this figure on the board for each student. NOTE TO TEACHER: Click once after #2 to trigger the 3rd question, “Divide #2 answer by 8” Now do the math for #3 for the boy, and for the girl. Write the answers on the board. NOTE TO TEACHER: Click once after #3 to trigger the 4th question, “Multiply #3 answer by 16” Now do the math for #4 for the boy, and for the girl. Write the answers on the board. NOTE TO TEACHER: Click once after #4 to trigger the 5th item, (the answer for the boy and girl that tells you “How many 8 ounce cups of water are in YOUR body?”) On the board, circle the number of cups of water that are in the boy’s body, and the number of cups of water that are in the girl’s body. NOTE TO TEACHER: to summarize this slide, and transition to the next one, discuss the following with students: So now that you see how to calculate how many cups of water are in your own body, how will you use this information – why is it important for you to know how much water your body has? (ANSWER – again, the answer should something along the lines of needing to replenish your body’s water supply). If you can’t get drinking water from your faucet to replenish your body’s water needs, where else could you get the water? (ANSWER – you could get the water from foods such as fruits and vegetables, or you could also drink other liquids besides tap water). So far, you’ve seen that you have a lot of options besides using water from your faucet to replenish your body’s water supply. There are fresh fruits and vegetables, and other liquids as well. What are some examples of liquids that you could drink to give your body the water it needs? (ANSWERs may mention soda, juice, sports drinks, etc.) Why do you think water might be a better option than some other liquids like sports drinks and soda? (ANSWER should be along the lines of “sports drinks and sodas are not that healthy for you” also, some students might mention that sports drinks and sodas can get expensive). When you have a choice of ways to replenish your body with fluids, you should always choose water. Water is healthier because it does not have caffeine, sugar, or extra calories you don’t need. But there’s another really important reason for choosing water over other drinks. We’ll talk about that in the next slide. The answer to #4 tells you how many 8 ounce cups of water are in your body How many 8 ounce cups of water are in YOUR body? Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

10 The Value of Drinking WaterIn the U.S., drinking water from your faucet costs…. ….less than about one cent per gallon Bottled water costs… ….about $1.20 per gallon Lemonade costs… ….about $3.40 per gallon Soda costs… ….about $3.79 per gallon TEACHER DISCUSISON: The previous slide showed us how to calculate the number of cups of water in our bodies, based on our weight. You learned that water is the healthiest choice for your body’s needs – water is the very best kind of drink you can have when you’re thirsty. But what if you prefer to drink other things to replenish your body’s need for fluids? You can drink any of these (or others) when you’re thirsty. Let’s think about the costs though. What if you calculated the amount of fluids you need daily and found out that your body needed at least 9 cups of fluids a day? You may or may not know that 9 cups is equal to 1 gallon. So we’re just going to say, for this example, that your body needs at least 1 gallon of fluids a day. TEACHER DISCUSSION/PROCESS TO WORK THROUGH THIS SLIDE: How much do you think it would cost to drink a gallon of water from the faucet each day? CLICK TO TRIGGER ANSWER (WILL APPEAR IN RED) It would cost about a penny a day to drink a gallon of water from the tap. How much do you think it would cost to drink a gallon of bottled water each day? CLICK TO TRIGGER ANSWER (WILL APPEAR IN RED) Bottled water costs about $1.20 cents a gallon, so you would pay $1.20 each day to get the gallon of water you need each day. Next, what about lemonade? How much do you think you’d have to pay to drink a gallon of lemonade each day? CLICK TO TRIGGER ANSWER (WILL APPEAR IN RED) The cost of lemonade is about $3.40 cents per gallon. So it would cost $3.40 cents each day to replenish a gallon of fluids for one day. And finally, how much do you think you would pay each day if you loved soda so much that you wanted to drink a gallon a day? CLICK TO TRIGGER ANSWER (WILL APPEAR IN RED) Soda is about $3.79 cents per gallon. So it would cost $3.79 cents every single day to get your gallon of fluids from soda for one day. Do you think drinking a gallon of soda each day would be a good way to fulfill your daily fluid requirement? Why or why not? Students’ answers to 4b should be directed along these lines: drinking a gallon of soda a day would make you sick; a gallon of soda has a lot of calories and/or sugar in it; soda has a lot of caffeine and might make it hard for you to concentrate; etc. Students should also say something along the lines of drinking a gallon of soda a day would be expensive – if the students don’t offer that information by themselves, the teacher should emphasize it. So far, you’ve learned that water is: The healthiest thing you can drink The least expensive thing you can drink But if you choose to drink water rather than some other fluids, do you think its better to drink bottled water, or water from your faucet? One of these choices is better than the other We’ll look at why, on the next slide. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

11 Cost of Drinking Water from a Faucet vs. Bottled Water12,000% On the previous slide, we talked about the cost of different kinds of things you can drink when you’re thirsty. We also talked about why some of these may or may not be good choices for you to drink, and we decided that water was the very best kind of drink you can have to replenish your body’s need for fluids. You may wonder, though, if its healthier to drink bottled water, or water from your faucet? From a health standpoint, bottled water and water from your faucet are both better options than soda or even juices! But there is a big difference between drinking bottled water and drinking water from your faucet – its not related to your health, though. Can anyone guess what that big difference might be? The big difference between drinking bottled water and just drinking water from a faucet is COST! This slide will show you the cost difference between drinking bottled water and water from a faucet. TEACHER’S NOTE: CLICK ONCE TO TRIGGER FLY-IN OF GRAPH Here you can see the cost of drinking water from a faucet compared to drinking bottled water. Since water from a faucet costs about 1 cent per gallon, it barely shows up on this chart (TEACHER: CLICK ONCE TO TRIGGER RED CIRCLE AROUND FIRST COLUMN ON GRAPH). But look at the next column on this chart – that’s bottled water (TEACHER: CLICK ONCE TO TRIGGER RED CIRCLE AROUND SECOND COLUMN ON GRAPH). Notice that bottled water costs about $1.20 per gallon, as we mentioned in an earlier slide. You may not think that $1.20/gallon is too much to pay for bottled water. But let’s figure out the difference in percentages. As we’ve already said, the cost of drinking water from your tap is about 1 cent per gallon. And you know that the cost of bottled water is about $1.20 per gallon – shown here as the 2nd column on the chart. So, in percentages, can you make a guess as to how much more expensive bottled water is than tap water? (NOW CLICK MOUSE ONCE TO TRIGGER ANSWER, WHICH IS TWELVE THOUSAND PERCENT) Bottled water costs 12,000% MORE per gallon than your tap water! Do you think that drinking water from your tap is a good value? Why or why not? (ANS = drinking water from your tap is a good value because it only costs a penny a gallon) Since water from your faucet is so inexpensive, it is obviously the best value when you’re thirsty. But as we said before, its just about the healthiest choice out of anything you can drink. Do you remember why? (ANS = Drinking tap water is the healthiest option when you’re thirsty because it doesn’t contain sugar or have a lot of calories like other drinks do. Also, some other drinks contain caffeine. Caffeine can have unintended side effects that may not be healthy for you). Of course, you could also just drink bottled water if you want to avoid sugar, calories, and caffeine because its still a much healthier option than a soda or some other drinks. But do you want to pay $1.20 cents for water that you could get from your tap for 1 penny? It doesn’t seem like a big deal, but it adds up over time. The next slide shows you the yearly cost of drinking bottled water vs. drinking water from your faucet. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

12 Yearly Cost of Drinking Tap WaterCost of tap water = cent per gallon Multiply .01 cent per gallon x 5 gallons per week = .05 cents per week There are 52 weeks in a year Multiply .05 cents per week from above x 52 weeks in a year = Here’s what you know now about drinking water from your faucet: Water from your faucet costs less than about one cent per gallon By now, you know that water is the healthiest drink to have when you’re thirsty …and you’ve learned that water from your faucet is a lot less expensive than other types of drinks, including bottled water! So let’s try an exercise. Let’s figure out how much it would cost if you drank 5 gallons of water from your faucet per week for an entire year. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FLY-IN OF #1 : Again, a gallon of water from your faucet is .01 cent. That is, its actually even less than a penny a gallon! We are going to drink 5 gallons of tap water per week. So we multiply .01 cent per gallon of tap water x 5 gallons of water that we will drink each week. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FADE-IN OF ANSWER TO #1 (IN RED) We see that if we drink 5 gallons of tap water every week, it will cost us a total of .05 cents per week. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FLY-IN OF #2: There are 52 weeks in a year. So we multiply the .05 cents a week x the 52 weeks in a year. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FADE-IN OF ANSWER TO #2 (IN RED) We see that it will cost us a total of $2.60 a year to drink 5 gallons of tap water each week. On the next slide, we’ll compare the cost, per year, of drinking water from your faucet vs. drinking bottled water $2.60 per year Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

13 Yearly Cost of Drinking Bottled WaterCost of bottled water = $1.20 per gallon Multiply $1.20 per gallon x 5 gallons per week = $6.00 per week There are 52 weeks in a year Multiply $6.00 per week from above x 52 weeks in a year = Here’s what you know now about bottled water: Bottled water costs about $1.20 cents per gallon Its 12,000% more expensive than water from your tap Its healthier than sports drinks or soda, so it’s a better option than those drinks, but its still not as inexpensive as drinking water from your faucet. So let’s try another exercise. Let’s figure out how much it would cost if you drank 5 gallons of bottled water per week for an entire year. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FLY-IN OF #1 : Again, a gallon of bottled water is $1.20 cents. We are going to drink 5 gallons of bottled water per week. So we multiply $1.20 cents x 5 gallons (the amount of water that we will drink each week). CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FADE-IN OF ANSWER TO #1 (IN RED) We see that if we drink 5 gallons of bottled water every week, it will cost us a total of $6.00 dollars per week. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FLY-IN OF #2: There are 52 weeks in a year. So we multiply the $6.00 dollars per week x the 52 weeks in a year. CLICK MOUSE HERE TO TRIGGER FADE-IN OF ANSWER TO #2 (IN RED) We see that it will cost us a total of $ a year to drink 5 gallons of bottled water each week. On the next slide, we’ll see how much more it costs, per year, to drink bottled water instead of water from your faucet. $ per year Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

14 Tap vs. Bottled Water: Yearly ValueDrinking 5 gallons of water a week for a year: Tap water: $ per year Bottled water: $ per year What do you save per year if you drink tap water instead of bottled water? $309.40 What else could you buy with your savings instead of bottled water? The previous slides have shown you the costs, per year, of drinking bottled water vs. drinking water from your faucet. Based on drinking 5 gallons of water a week for a year, you have seen that: (CLICK TO TRIGGER ALL ITEMS IN LEFT COLUMN) The yearly cost of drinking tap water would be $2.60 per year The yearly cost of drinking bottled water would be $ per year (CLICK TO TRIGGER FIRST SENTENCE IN RIGHT COLUMN) So how much money would you save per year if you drank tap water instead of bottled water? $ minus $2.60 = next step….. (CLICK TO TRIGGER ANSWER TO QUESTION IN RIGHT COLUMN) Answer is $ (APPEARS IN RED ON SLIDE) (CLICK TO TRIGGER LAST SENTENCE IN RIGHT COLUMN ON SLIDE) How else would you like to spend about $ a year, besides on bottled water? Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

15 $ Extra Dollars a Year??? What would you do with $ extra dollars a year? Treat your little brother to a movie once a month for a year Order one medium pizza & breadsticks every month for a year Buy some new school clothes for $309.40 Buy two tickets to a professional NBA game in your home town Put it in the bank and add it to your college savings account What else???? An extra $ dollars a year would be fun to have! Just think of what you could do with it…. CLICK MOUSE TO POPULATE THE FIRST 5 (OF 6) SENTENCES ON THE SLIDE Teacher should give students enough time to read through ONLY sentences 1-5 at first. Alternative: read sentences for students. After sentences 1-5 have been read, have students vote on which one they would choose (options at this time are only numbers 1-5) After voting, teacher can tell students how many students voted for each option IF TIME: CLICK MOUSE TO POPULATE THE LAST (SIXTH) SENTENCE ON THE SLIDE (APPEARS IN RED) After reporting on the vote results from the first 1-5 choices, teacher can then click one more time to trigger a 6th question (“what else?” in red text). Teacher then engages students in a more robust discussion (if there is time) about how much things cost and what students could buy with an extra $300 per year. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

16 Lesson Two: Water Systems - How You Get Your WaterThis lesson is called, “Water systems – How You Get Your Water” and will : Discuss Public Water Utilities: what they are and what they do Define “source water”: explain what it is and how public water utilities manage it to make it safe for you to drink When you are done with this lesson, you will have a better understanding of what water utilities do to keep your drinking water safe, and how they get it from its natural source to your home. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

17 Introduction to Water UtilitiesWater utilities have 3 main jobs: Oversee water found in lakes, rivers, and other places Treat (or “clean”) water so that it is safe to drink and use Send clean water to the public through water pipes WHAT IS A WATER UTILITY? A water utility is a company or government agency that supplies safe water to the public. They play a very important role in public health. WHAT DO WATER UTILITIES DO? Water utilities keep the public safe from illness and diseases that may be caused by germs found in the water system. Protecting public health by ensuring that water is safe to drink and use is a water utility’s first, most important job! Water comes from nature. Water utilities manage this water in various ways so that it is fit for living things to use. Water from nature, that is eventually used by humans, is called “source water” The main three things that water utilities do with the natural water supply include: Managing source water (that is, water that occurs in various forms in nature – e.g. reservoirs, streams, rivers, lakes, etc.) Treating source water to “clean” it and remove impurities that would make us sick Distributing the treated source water from the treatment plant to the public So water utilities are responsible for the water supply source, treatment, and distribution to the public. Before we move on to the next slide, let’s talk about reservoirs because that may be a new word to some of you. Can anyone tell me what a reservoir is, or tell me which of these four pictures shows a reservoir? (ANS = a reservoir is a lake that is used to store water for use by the community. The reservoir is shown in the upper left-hand corner of these four pictures). CLICK ONCE TO TRIGGER THE RED SQUARE AROUND THE PICTURE OF THE RESERVOIR. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

18 Water Utilities & Source WaterWater utilities’ 1st job is to oversee water in nature Water in nature is called Source Water. Source Water is either: surface water (lakes, rivers, reservoirs), found above the Earth’s surface Groundwater (found below the Earth’s surface; sometimes also called an “aquifer”) Source water is unsafe to drink. Do you know why? WATER UTILITIES AND SOURCE WATER Water utilities oversee water in its natural environment. When water is in its natural environment (before it has been managed by the water utility) it is called “source water.” Source water is found on the surface of the Earth, or sometimes below the Earth. Why do you think surface water or groundwater sources are unsafe to drink? ANS = Water from these sources has not been treated (or “cleaned”) yet by the water utility, and contains impurities such as germs and pollution. If you drink this water, you can become very sick. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

19 From Source to Utility How source water gets to the water utilityPumping Gravity WATER UTILITIES AND SOURCE WATER: How do you think source water gets to the utility? There are two ways that water can move from its natural source to a water utility to be treated and cleaned: By pumping -- The water utility can use electricity to pump the water to its treatment plant By gravity -- Gravity causes the water to naturally flow to the treatment plant; for example, in mountainous areas, water in the mountains naturally flows to lower elevations where the water utility’s treatment plant is. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

20 Water Utilities & Water TreatmentWater utilities’ 2nd job is to “treat” source water Source water cleaned Water becomes safe Safe water is called “Potable” How can utilities clean source water? WATER UTILITIES AND WATER TREATMENT: The single most important job of a water utility is to protect public health by making sure that water is safe to drink and use.  But how do water utilities make your water safe?  To remove impurities and make the water safe to drink, source water (surface water and groundwater) must be “treated” by the water utility at a water treatment plant. When water is “treated” that means it is “cleaned” so that it is safe to use.  If we drank untreated water, we would get very sick from germs and pollution in the water.  Today, every city in the United States treats their drinking water before they allow the public to use it Water utilities continue to test the water throughout the treatment process to make sure the water is safe. Filtered and treated water that is safe to drink is called “potable” water. What methods do water utilities use to clean source water? Water utilities clean source water by filtering it through sand and disinfecting it with chlorine or other chemicals, or by applying other treatment processes that will kill any germs in the water.  These other treatment processes may include shining an ultraviolet light into the water to disinfect it and so on. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

21 Water Utilities & Water DistributionWater utilities’ 3rd job is to send you clean water Water moves through a series of pipes Connected pipes = the “water system infrastructure” Infrastructure handles billion gallons/day WATER DISTRIBUTION: How does clean water get to the public? Public water utilities deliver water through a series of connected pipes.  Many of the pipes are underground.  All of these pipes connect together to form a “water system infrastructure”.   The water system infrastructure means the “pieces” of the water delivery system these “pieces” of the water delivery system include the water pipes, pumps, storage tanks, and water mains that deliver water safely to our faucets. In the United States and Canada, about 1 million miles of water pipes deliver clean water to our homes and businesses. That’s enough to travel fro the Earth and the Moon and back TWICE! In the United States, the water system infrastructure delivers about 40 billion gallons of clean drinking water to consumers every single day Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

22 How Water Works: from source to youDISCUSSION WATER DISTRIBUTION: An overview In a minute, we’ll review what we’ve learned up to this point. But first, let’s see what we remember so far. REVIEW QUESTIONS TO POSE TO STUDENTS: What does it mean when we say that Water Utilities “treat” water? ANS = they “clean” it and remove impurities from it If you see a sign near a stream that says the water is “not potable” (pronunciation = “poh ta ble”), can you drink it? Why or why not? ANS = the sign is telling you that the water is not safe to drink (“potable” water means “safe” water). The reason you shouldn’t drink it is because it has not been “treated” (or “cleaned”) yet by the water utility. So it could be contaminated and make you sick. OVERVIEW OF WHAT STUDENTS HAVE LEARNED SO FAR: We have talked about water utilities and their critical role in keeping the public safe We have discussed how water utilities manage three aspects of the water supply: source water, water treatment, and water distribution We have learned that water utilities use a “water system infrastructure” to deliver safe drinking water to the public Now lets look at a typical water system in the United States. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK ONCE TO TRIGGER FLY-IN OF THE WATER SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE PICTURE This pictures shows you the full “water system infrastructure”. You can see that there’s a lot going on with water as it moves through this system. As it makes its journey from its source to your house, it changes from unsafe water to safe and usable water at your home or school. How does this happen? Let’s break it down and take a closer look. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

23 How Water Works: from source to you1a and 1b in this picture shows water at its source. In this case the sources include a reservoir and a river 2 shows the water treatment plant where the source water is cleaned The red arrow shows water moving from its source to the treatment plant for cleaning DISCUSSION WATER DISTRIBUTION: How water utilities “clean” (or “treat”) source water Before we look at this slide, let’s talk about “source water.” Let’s see if you can answer these questions: QUESTIONS TO POSE TO STUDENTS: Do you remember where “source water” comes from? ANS = students might say that “source water” is either “surface water” or “groundwater” but prompt them to give an example of each (i.e., “surface water” comes from above the Earth’s surface such as in rivers and lakes, and “groundwater” comes from below the Earth’s surface, in the ground – extra points if they remember that this might be called an “aquifer”). Is “source water” the same thing as “potable” (pronunciation = “poh ta ble”) water”? ANS = No, source water is not clean enough to drink because it has not been treated (or “cleaned”) by the water utility. Potable water is clean enough to drink because it has been treated (or “cleaned”) by the water utility. This slide shows you what happens from the time water is taken from its natural source, to the point where it reaches the water utility’s treatment plant for cleaning. DISCUSSION AND STEPS FOR THIS SLIDE: TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger text for (1a) and (1b), and corresponding animations (in red circles) on slide. This picture shows you where source water comes from. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK again to trigger text for (2), and corresponding animations (in red circles) on slide. And you also see the water treatment plant, where the utility “cleans” or “treats” the water you drink. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK a third and final time to trigger text for (3), and corresponding animation of red arrow on slide. Finally, you see how the water moves from its source to the water treatment plant. As you see on this slide, water utilities pump water from a source (such as a reservoir or river) to their treatment plant. In some cases, the water is not pumped by the utility. Instead, gravity causes it to naturally flow to the treatment plant In the water utility’s treatment plant, impurities are removed (or inactivated) to make the water clean. Some utilities also add fluoride to the water at this point. The amount of fluoride added to the water is not harmful, and helps to prevent tooth decay. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

24 How Water Works: from source to youItem 3 shows you an elevated tank. This is also known as a “water tower” The water tower stores clean drinking water that comes from the treatment plant shown in 2 In 4, you see large pipes called distribution mains. Distribution mains carry water from the treatment plant or storage tank to service lines. They also provide water to hydrants for fire protection. DISCUSSION WATER DISTRIBUTION: How water utilities store clean water and get it to you for drinking Before we look at this slide, let’s see what you remember about the water utilities’ third job, which is “water distribution”. Can you answer these questions? QUESTIONS TO POSE TO STUDENTS: Can you describe what we’re talking about when we refer to the “water system infrastructure”? ANS = The water system infrastructure is a series of pipes that are connected together to carry (or “deliver”) water. BONUS question: Do you remember how many gallons of water the water system infrastructure handles a day? ANS = 40 billion gallons a day. This slide shows you what the water utility does with the water they have “treated” or “cleaned”. DISCUSSION AND STEPS FOR THIS SLIDE: TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger text for (3) and corresponding animation (in red circles) on slide. This picture shows you an elevated tank. This tank is sometimes also called a “water tower.” TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger text for (2) and corresponding animation of red circle and red arrow on slide. The utility’s water treatment plant shown in #2 has sent some of their clean water to the elevated tank for storage. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger text for (4) and corresponding animation of red circle on slide. Clean water can also go from the treatment plant to “distribution mains” as you see in #4. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

25 How Water Works: from source to youIn the previous slide, we talked about pipes called distribution mains. Item 4 illustrates a distribution main. Distribution mains connect to service lines as shown in item 5. Service lines carry clean water to the plumbing in a building. Once the water is in a building’s plumbing system, you just turn on the faucet to drink it! DISCUSSION WATER DISTRIBUTION: How water utilities get clean water to you for drinking This is the last slide we have on water systems; we have just one more question before we look at this slide: QUESTION TO POSE TO STUDENTS: In the previous slide, we talked about “distribution mains” and “service lines” – do you remember whether these handle the utilities’ water *before* or *after* the water utility has cleaned (“treated”) the water? DISCUSSION AND STEPS FOR THIS SLIDE: TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger text for (4) and corresponding animation (in red circle) on slide. The previous slide explained that clean water travels from a pipe called a distribution main. Distribution mains are large pipes that run beneath streets. They provide water to hydrants for fire protection and carry water to different neighborhoods and businesses. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger text for (5) and corresponding animation (in red circle) on slide. You also learned in the previous slide that a distribution main carries water to a “service line”. Service lines carry clean water to the indoor plumbing in a building such as your home or school. Every building has its own service line. Once clean water reaches your home or school’s plumbing system, all you need to do is turn on the faucet to drink or use it. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

26 Lesson Three: Water Conservation - Becoming a Friend to WaterThis lesson is called, “Water Conservation – Becoming a Friend to Water”. This lesson will: Tell you some “fun facts” about water that may surprise you! Explain how Americans use water (how much and for what) Discuss ways you can be a “friend to water” by learning how to save it and make it last When you are done with this lesson, you will be able to tell your friends and parents why clean water is important for living things, and how we can all be better friends to water. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

27 Fun Facts About Water The Earth’s surface is 70% waterbut only 1% of this water is suitable for drinking Each American uses from gallons of water a day… that’s more than the weight of some elephants! 6 gallons of water is used in the growing and production of…?? French fries DISCUSSION WATER CONSERVATION: Did you know…??? DISCUSSION AND STEPS FOR THIS SLIDE: Let’s see if you can guess the answers to these questions…. The Earth’s surface is about 70% water, but can you guess how much of this water is actually OK to drink? TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger answer for first question, and corresponding animation (picture of Earth) on slide. In America, each person uses about gallons of water a day. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger answer for second question, and corresponding animation (picture of an Elephant) on slide. There’s a type of food that we all eat (and love!) that requires 6 gallons of water to grow and produce. Can you guess what that food is? TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger answer for third question, and corresponding animation (picture of French fries) on slide. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

28 How Much Water Do Americans Use?On average, how much water in gallons (daily per person) does each American use? Estimates range from gallons daily per person DISCUSSION AND STEPS FOR THIS SLIDE (teacher note: the question appears automatically on the slide) How much water (in gallons) do you think each American uses per day? Teacher should make it clear that this is not just *for drinking* -- you are asking how many *total* gallons each person in America uses each day for other things as well (watering the lawn, taking a shower, etc.). Elicit guesses from students. TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger answer. Does it surprise you that every single American uses at least gallons of water each day? Let’s look at the the breakdown of how we use our water TEACHER NOTE: CLICK to trigger breakdown in chart form. TEACHER CONTINUES DISCUSSION, POINTING OUT FIGURES ON CHART According to "Water on Tap" (EPA815K ), the average water use is 100 gallons per person per day. Here’s the breakdown of this total per day: Bathing - 20 gpcd (gallons per capita per day), Toilet flushing - 24 gpcd, Drinking and cooking - 2 gpcd, Garbage disposal - 1 gpcd, Dishwasher - 4 gpcd, Car wash gpcd, Laundry gpcd, Lawn watering and swimming pools - 25 gpcd.  ON AVERAGE, HOW MUCH WATER DO YOU THINK AN ENTIRE FAMILY WOULD USE IN ONE DAY? The average family uses over 300 gallons of water per day at home. Most of this use (70%) is indoors and does not include activities such as watering your lawn, washing a car, or filling a swimming pool. ON AVERAGE, HOW MUCH WATER DO YOU THINK THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES USES IN ONE DAY? According to the most up-to-date U.S. Geological Survey report, the entire United States uses 355 billion gallons of water a day. According to USEPA "Water on Tap" (EPA815K ) https://safewater.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/ What-is-the-average-daily-human-consumption-of-water- Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

29 1% suitable for drinkingOur Water World The Earth’s surface is about 70% water… Only about 1% of this water is suitable for drinking 70% water DISCUSSION So you’ve learned that 70% of our Earth’s surface is water, but only 1% of it is OK for us to drink. Why do you think we can’t drink the other 99% of the water on Earth’s surface? TEACHER NOTE: Try to elicit answers from students. ANSWER: The other 99% of the Earth’s water resides in the ocean or is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The water that resides in the ocean is mostly salt water. Humans cannot drink salt water, and it would be very expensive and require a lot of energy to remove the salt and make it OK to drink. 1% suitable for drinking Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

30 Water Numbers So far, you have learned that:The Earth’s surface is about 70% water Only 1% of that 70% is suitable for drinking We use about gallons of water per day per person We use over 300 gallons of water per day at home The United States uses billion gallons/water a day DISCUSSION Here is what you have learned so far: The Earth’s surface is about 70% water Only 1% of the water on the Earth’s surface is suitable for drinking Americans use an average of anywhere from 80 to 100 gallons of water per day per person, per current estimates. Average American families use over 300 gallons of water per day at home Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

31 How Long Will Our Water Last?Our water supplies are limited (many countries do not have enough clean fresh water) Droughts & changing weather patterns affect our water supply Water can become polluted through natural or human causes DISCUSSION At this point, you can see that even though there is a huge demand for water, our water supplies are very limited. Everyone should protect our water supplies. We “conserve” water when we use less of it, and when we recycle used water so that it can be used again. It is important to conserve water because every living thing needs water to survive. Here are some water facts that we should all be aware of. TEACHER NOTE: Click first time to trigger first block of text and picture DISCUSSION OF WATER SUPPLIES & LACK OF CLEAN FRESH WATER: Some countries do not have enough clean fresh water. In fact 1 in every 10 people in the world do not have access to clean fresh water. TEACHER NOTE: Click 2nd time to trigger the second block of text and picture. Some students may not know what a “drought” is, so discuss with them as follows below. DISCUSSION/DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: a “drought” is a shortage of water in a particular area over a long period of time. A drought depends on the weather and occurs when there is not enough rainfall over a long period of time. It is especially important to look for ways to conserve water and not waste it during a drought. A drought causes the water in our water supply to decrease; this means we may not be able to use water in the same way, or as much as before. If a drought happens, we have no way of knowing how long it will last Humans cannot control a drought. The only control you have in a drought is to be careful of how much water you use Some people believe that “climate change” and changing weather patterns are responsible for harming our water supply TEACHER NOTE: Click 3rd time to trigger third block of text and picture. BRIEF EXPLANATION OF HOW WATER POLLUTION OCCURS: Some water pollution happens naturally. For example, volcanoes and animal waste are two causes of natural water pollution Sometimes water becomes polluted by human activity. For example, pesticides from farms, chemicals from factories, and trash from people littering can all cause water pollution Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

32 Saving Water in Your HomeBe a friend of water at home: Take shorter showers or fewer baths Ask parents to water the lawn less often Check the toilets to make sure they’re not running or leaking Don't leave the faucet running DISCUSSION OF HOW WE CAN MAKE OUR WATER LAST Everyone can do something to help conserve our water. Can you think of some things you can do at home or in your neighborhood to be a friend of water? Its important to be aware of how wasteful we are in our water use. But there are many ways we can be “friends of water”. Here are some ideas for when you’re at home TEACHER NOTE: Click to trigger fly-in of ways to save water at home. Save water, don't waste it! For example: Take shorter showers or fewer baths Ask your parents to water the lawn less frequently Check the toilets in your house to make they’re not running Don't leave the faucet running What other things can you do to save and protect water in your home? Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

33 Saving Water in the NeighborhoodBe a friend of water in your neighborhood: Don’t use weed killer on your lawn Pull weeds (don’t spray with chemicals) Pick up trash you see Clean up after your dog (animal waste gets into our water supply) This slide will show you how to be a good “environmental steward” of our water supply when we’re outside. What do you think we mean by the term, “environmental steward?” (ANS = environmental stewardship refers to protection of the environment though recycling and conservation. If you are a good environmental steward, you take responsibility for your choices and you don’t pollute or waste water. In other words, you are a “friend of water”). So here are some ways you can be a good environmental steward, or in other words, a good “friend of water”…. TEACHER NOTE: Click once to trigger four bullet points fly-in on slide. Don't use weed killer or pesticides on your lawn Pull weeds instead of spraying them with chemicals (herbicides) Always pick up your trash, especially when near bodies of water like at the beach, lake, or river Always clean up after your dog when you take him for a walk. Animal waste can get into our water supply and contaminate it What other things can you do to save and protect water when you’re outside? YOU can make a huge impact simply by starting at home and changing the way your families, friends and classmates think about, and use water.  Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

34 Saving Water for Life One person can make a differenceYou are not alone – others will join/follow Everyone has a stake in the future of our world’s water supply You can create a better world for future generations TEACHER NOTE: Click first time to trigger fly-in of first and second bullet points, then discuss as below: You may be only one person. But one person can make a difference – you are not alone. One person can become two, then three, then more. TEACHER NOTE: Click second time to trigger fly-in of third bullet point, then discuss as below: Telling others what you’ve learned about water can have a huge impact. We all need to conserve water, and you can begin the conversation. Just by starting at home, you can change the way your families, friends and classmates use water.  TEACHER NOTE: Click third time to trigger fly-in of fourth bullet point, then discuss as below: Soon, with your help, everyone will want to conserve water for ourselves, our families, and for future generations. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

35 Summary Water is necessary for all living things to survivePublic water utilities protect public health by “treating” source water We protect water sources by not polluting We save water supplies by not wasting it DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: What happens if living things don’t get enough water? Give some examples. ANSWERS: People, animals, and plants get sick and can die when they don’t have enough water. Without water, our food sources would eventually dry up What does it mean when we say that public water utilities “treat” water? How do they “treat” it (give some examples of what they do)? ANSWERS: When a public water utility “treats” water, that means they “clean” it so it is safe to drink Public water utilities “treat” (or “clean”) water by filtering it and disinfecting it with chlorine or other chemicals Public water utilities sometimes “treat” water with other methods, such as shining an ultraviolet light into the water to disinfect it and so on. Water can become polluted by nature or by humans. Give example(s) of how humans might pollute our water supplies? ANSWERS: When humans add chemicals to their lawns to kill weeds or fertilize the grass to make it grow, those chemicals will eventually get into the water supplies If you walk your dog and don’t clean up after him, the germs from the animal waste will get into our water supply and cause contamination People sometimes pollute lakes and rivers by throwing trash or food into them Give examples of what you can do to save (“conserve”) our water supplies? ANSWERS: At home, you can be careful of how much water you use by taking showers instead of baths You can check your toilets for leaks and make sure the water in them isn’t constantly running You can make sure you don’t let water run when you don’t need it. For example, turn off dripping faucets or get them fixed Recycle water in your house. For example, if your family washes vegetables to eat, collect the water and use it to water your plants. Or you can also put a barrel outside to collect rain water, then recycle the rain water for other uses (such as watering plants) Tell your parents to use a bucket to wash the car rather than a hose Etc. Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

36 Resources We wish to thank the following for providing resources used in this presentation: DrinkTap.org: How Water Works: knowledge/how-water-works.aspx Only Tap Water Delivers: affairs/communications-tools/only-tap-water-delivers/only-tap-water-delivers- materials.aspx Rocky Mountain Section of the American Water Works Association: United States Environmental Protection Agency: https://www.epa.gov/students Work for Water: works.aspx Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016

37 For More Information For more information about our water world:Aquapedia, Water Education Foundation: GetWise.org: H2O for Life: Project WET (Water Education for Teachers): water.org/index.html United States Geological Survey (USGS), Learn About Water: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sa-water/science/learn-about-water?qt- science_center_objects=1#qt-science_center_objects The Water Page: Water Research Foundation: Developed by American Water Works Association, Published 2016